Essay on Impressionist effects on Modern Art - 809 Words

Impressionist painting remains a significantly attractive period in the history of modern art and deemed by many as the top appreciated by the public. †¦Sequence of exhibitions, plentiful literary texts and record gross sales yield more of an indication of todays extraordinary resonance of pieces by Impressionist painters, a number of which are imprinted on our creative conscience In their time, Impressionist pieces appeared to be so shockingly modern, that it took their coevals more than thirty years to admit them. In retrospect, as the years pass, Impressionism, occurs to us in these times, much more to affirm close links with tradition, and to represent the aesthetic acquirement of an artistic creation associated with realistic†¦show more content†¦Under the impact of British landscape painters such as Bonington, landscape painting would come to be a wholly recognized category in French Painting. Courbet, Corot and Delacroix, then represent the new wave of French Painting, and will establish the models that all the Impressionist artists will seize as a starting spot of their beginnings. Edouard Manet was born in January 23, 1832 in Paris, France. Manet was educated regarding the techniques of the old masters and was significantly influenced by their work. However, Manet never blindly adopted their styles but rather refined the styles collectively to establish a distinctive style all his own. In 1863 Manet participated in the celebrated Salon des Refuses, an exhibit consisting of works refused by the official Salon, and he advanced to be deemed as the hero of the nonconformists. It appears that he didnt conceive of himself in that role, since he was inspired by the tradionalist and merely sought to examine their essences in modern terms. The scandals that he was saddled with were not truly due to his nonconformist styles, but instead the subject matter and references in his work. He emphasized the interpretation of painting as the organization of paint areas on a canvas apart from its function as representation. Manet most all ways wandered from conventional, academic themes. His various works drew attention, and his career was overwhelmed at times with scandal. Manets painting The Picnic wasShow MoreRelatedReview Of Van Gogh s The Rocks Vs. Pissarro s The Goose Girl 1363 Words   |  6 PagesDr. Rodney Nevitt Arth 1381: History of Art II Monday, Wednesday, Friday at 9:00 AM History of Art II In the 19th century, there was an artistic transition from realism to a new form called impressionism. This change originated in France, as the world underwent a transition to industrialization. The impressionist was able to understand how light and color operate hand in hand in a painting. Instead of seeing an image as a whole work, impressionist would see smaller images making up the entireRead MoreImpressionism And Its Impression On Modern Art1181 Words   |  5 PagesImpressionism And its Impression on Modern Art One of the earliest forms of communication and documentation was art, from cave paintings, to Egyptian Hieroglyphs, to Renaissance portraits. Throughout the beginning of time, artistic style has evolved, and is still continuing to evolve. One early impact on Modern Art was Impressionism. Impressionism was defined as French nineteenth century art movement between 1867 and 1886 that marks the momentary break from tradition in European painting. In theRead MoreImpressionism as a Avant-garde Movement970 Words   |  4 PagesReferences to the writings of Charles Harrison, Clement Greenberg and Wilhelm Worringer is used to theorise the aesthetics of modernity. â€Æ' 2. IMPRESSIONISM AS MODERN ART Modernism is the heartbeat of culture, or as Clement Greenberg (1992:754) states, modernism involves of what â€Å"is truly alive in our culture† and it includes more than just art and literature. Western civilization began to interrogate their foundations and progressed into a self-critical society (Greenberg 1992:754). This notionRead MoreA Brief Note On Impressionism And Post Impressionism958 Words   |  4 Pagesthe French government controlled the Academies des Beaux-Arts and Salon de Paris of paintings. The Academies were considered the ruling authority and held annual art exhibits called salons. The salons featured works of art that conformed to their standards. In the second half of the 19th century, Impressionism began which was a result of French artists rejecting traditional government and their standards. In 1874, the first independent art exhibition was held. A few of the famous artists’ who participatedRead MoreEssay impressionism1430 Words   |   6 Pagesimaginative view of the world and society. However, originally in Paris in the 1870s, this kind of art was viewed as controversial and undisciplined, it was considered to threaten the values that fine art was meant to uphold. Then in 1874, a group of artists got together to make their own exhibition, mostly of quite small, informal pieces of art that would not have attracted any notice in the Salon (the big annual art exhibition in Paris). They did eight shows altogether, the last one being in 1886. In theRead MoreIwt1-Task-1 Essay899 Words   |  4 Pagespainters with quite diverse artistic approaches, were only unified in their rejection by the official annual Salon (the Acadà ©mie des Beaux-Arts which is a French academic organization that judges and awards selected artworks). Criticized for the unfinished, sketch like appearance of their work, more progressive critics praised them for their depiction of modern life. Their subjects were commonplace including landscapes, leisure and recreation in open air or â€Å"en plein air† settings, using quick andRead MoreIwt1 Task 1 Wgu Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pagesthe academies and salons of paintings. The impressionism took place in second half of 19th century, which was results of French artists rejecting the traditional government sanctioned academic painting that was dominating their arts at the time. The first independent art exhibition was held in 1874 for one month. Few of the famous artists’ who participated and help organize this exhibition was Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Pierre-Auguste Renior, Edgar Degas and Camille Pissarro along with 25 otherRead MoreArtists of The Impressionism Movement Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesImpressionism was born from the urge to break free from the constraints of Art forms in the 19th century. Many studies under mentors who passed on the traditional styles painting form and figure, but some spoke of revolutionizing the art world. World events and public attitude toward art allowed impressionists to break free from the mainstream French Art scene. Impressionism was initially forged out of a love for nature. The artists were interested in depicting reality as they saw beauty in evenRead MoreThe Art Story Foundation ( Asf )929 Words   |  4 Pages The Art Story Foundation (ASF) (2015) discusses Claude Monet (1840-1926) as one of the leaders of French Impressionism of the late nineteenth century. With Edouard Manet (1832-1883) as an inspiration, Monet developed his own distinctive style in the 1860s. He blurred the clarity of forms and linear perspective with bold colors emphasizing on qualities of light and atmosphere going against traditional artistic precision. Monet’s Impression Sunrise (1872) was not well received. As a result ofRead MoreClaude Monet Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesArt has been part of our society since humanity existed. For countless years’ people been creating, observing, criticizing and appreciating art. Claude Monet’s piece titled Sunrise (Marine) illustrates the daylight in the industrial port of Le Havre of the north coast, France. This piece was made in March or April of 1873. The piece’s present location is the J. Paul Getty Museum, west pavilion, gallery w204. The medium is oil on canvas and is next to another piece made by Monet called The Portal

Comparison Patenting Life by Michael Crichton and...

In â€Å"Patenting Life,† Michael Crichton argues that the government is mishandling the patenting office with the awarding of patents for human genes. Gene patenting is blocking the advancement of modern medicine and could be costing many patients their lives. The hold on research results in the discovery of fewer cures for modern diseases. The United States Patent Office awards patents to companies that discover cures, tests, and medical operations for human genes. These patents are in use to compensate these companies for their discovery and encourage them to advance their research and create more medical advancements. Canavan disease is a disorder children inherit that begins to show symptoms at three months; they cannot crawl or walk and†¦show more content†¦9). Michael Crichton has many good points in his paper, but the fact that the argument uses bias word choice and does not give positives and negatives shows that the argument has fundamental flaws. Crichton n eeds to state facts and real life situations, while depicting positives on both sides of the issue. Crichton needs to be more open to gene patenting when writing his essay. Michael Crichton makes a good point when talking about the examples given. The situation dealing with Canavan disease and the Miami Childrens Hospital Research Institute is a good example of how gene patenting can block the general population from enjoying a medical advancement. Another example is when Crichton states, â€Å"When SARS was spreading across the globe, medical researchers hesitated to study it because of patent concerns† (442 par. 12). Gene patenting has a fundamental flaw in it because it is slowing the advancement of modern medicine. Gene patenting blocks researchers from looking into genes that companies own and demands royalties every time the patent is in use. This is a problem that the United States needs to address so that patients can enjoy all the medical advancements that are in rea ch for the future. Michael Crichton gives weight to his argument by using the

Hunger in San Diego Persuasive Speech Free Essays

1 | Page . Attention Step . When will you eat next? Will you be eating dinner tonight? . We will write a custom essay sample on Hunger in San Diego Persuasive Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now Need Step . Today, there are over 446,000 people that are going hungry in San Diego County. http://sandiegofoodbank. org/hunger-in-san-diego/ . A story of a fellow San Diegan and her family who are also having hunger problems. 1. Alejandra in her late 20s moved in with her sister Marisol, her husband, and her three kids to help take care of them. 2. Marisol worked days and Alejandra nights so there was always someone to take care of the kids. 3. Marisol’s husband lost his job as construction worker, Marisol was laid off from hers as a housekeeper at a Holiday Inn, and then Alejandra lost her restaurant job. 4. It became hard for them to find work, but eventually Marisol’s husband found few jobs as a handyman and Marisol worked cleaning a few houses. 5. Barely got by, and it was hard for them. 6. Cupboards were generally empty except for a little of rice and beans. 7. Main concern was children, so adults would often eat little or nothing at all so the kids would have enough. . Eventually got support from church and then San Diego Food Bank. †¢ Here is a picture of Alejandra picking up food at the San Diego Food Bank. That is a real story about a real hunger problem. http://sandiegofoodbank. org/newstypes/client-profiles/ 2. Feedingamericasd. org says that: †¢ 1 out of 4 children in San Diego don’t know where their next meal is coming from†¦ †¢ Scientific evidence suggests that hungry c hildren are less likely to become productive citizens. A child who is unequipped to learn because of hunger and poverty is more likely to be poor as an adult. . You see†¦. our bodies are like engines, engines need fuel, we need food, and both are required to move forward. 2. So next this quote is from sandiegohungercoalition. org, Ken Hecht, executive director of California food policy advocate says that: â€Å"Given the extent of food insecurity in San Diego County and across the country, we must not undermine critical efforts to protect families against hunger, and improve health through good nutrition,† You know†¦.. we must all realize that hunger can happen to any of us, all it takes is: †¢ Losing our job †¢ Having a health crisis †¢ Or any other unusual emergency expense. Such as a major car repair. ?And†¦ We must all be aware†¦That it’s important that San Diego County has food bank agencies to provide support to people who are l ow income or have sudden crises. . Satisfaction Step . We†¦.. Should look for opportunities†¦ to support the San Diego Food Bank. . There are many ways to support the Food Bank, we can†¦ †¢ Donate food items Support them financially †¢ Or we can volunteer. . aThe San Diego Food Bank has been around since 1977 and has been serving ever since because of†¦ People’s food†¦ financial†¦ and voluntary support. . So†¦Yes, this solution will take time out of your day and/or money if you would like to help. But, think of the good you would do by simply donating 10 dollars, taking 3 hours out of your Saturday or Sunday, or even collecting a few cans of food from your neighbors or workplace to just do something good for a local family in need. Visualization Step . So†¦just look around places you go in San Diego, maybe you see a homeless guy asking for money for food, or maybe it’s your next door neighbor who doesn’t have eno ugh to eat, or maybe even a friend who’s hungry but too reluctant to say. †¢ The sad fact is that nearly half a million people in San Diego County don’t have enough to eat. . Imagine that there was a place where all of those hungry people could go to get food. I know of a place, the San Diego Food Bank. . Action Step . Fact is†¦people are hungry†¦. ut the San Diego Food Bank is there to help. . So today, I would like to encourage you to pull out your phones when you leave this classroom today, simply text capital letters â€Å"SD† to 20222, and this will make a 10$ donation to the San Diego Food Bank, just a simple thing, yet that 10 dollars will provide 30 meals for people in need. . This week, I myself am going to make a ten dollar donation and drop off a bag of food to the Food Bank. . If San Diegans work together, we can eliminate hunger in San Diego County. How to cite Hunger in San Diego Persuasive Speech, Essays

Change Management Practice of EnQuest PLC †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Change Management Practice of EnQuest PLC. Answer: Introduction Managing change can be identified as one of the most importantmanagement tasks to meet the organisational goals and objectives to attain long-term sustainability in a target market (Have, 2017). In this particular study, thechange management practice of EnQuest PLC, a United Kingdom-based oil and gas producing company, has been described identifying the required changes to achieve the corporate objectives (Enquest.com, 2017). The study also elaborates the criteria that will be useful to draw the most appropriate change implementation model for EnQuest PLC. Furthermore, the study examines the contemporary role ofleadership and management in case of performing successful change management. Besides, the paper discusses the challenges that have been dealt by the modern leadership regarding issues of sustainability, ethics, and corporate social responsibility. By evaluating the challenges in the business environment, the study further describes the problem-solving techniques that must be taken into account by the management of EnQuest PLC in order to implement the change management process swiftly. After illustrating the problem-solving techniques, some recommendations have been lined up in the study to be followed by the management of EnQuest PLC to address the change models. Identification of required change In the contemporary business environment of EnQuest PLC, identification of changes required and the change solutions to be utilised by the corporation have been presented in the study. In order to meet the organisational objectives of EnQuest PLC, changes in the human resource management can be identified as one of the leading aspects accelerating the process of organisational change management. Precisely, EnQuest PLC is going through a transition in terms of human resources (Enquest.com, 2017). Most of the senior engineers have to be replaced as they are going to retire sooner. Therefore, in order to fill the boots of the senior engineers, the management must identify best recruitment strategies to perform the transition within the company. Furthermore, over the last decade or so, technological advancement has fuelled the foundation of technological changes. In the recent time, the entire oil and gas exploration projects can be monitored via using VSAT technology and internet. In 2017, the total work orders of EnQuest PLC have to be reviewed and the production levels must be monitored using modern satellite monitoring techniques and the internet. Therefore, the management of EnQuest PLC must implement the change instead of remaining static (Enquest.com, 2017). Moreover, inhospitable environment and evolving drivers in the businesses must be reviewed time to time by the management of EnQuest PLC to avoid any market-related risks. Change implementation model Before applying the change implementation model, identifying of the criteria must be taken into account. First of all, diagnosing human resistance towards the change can be identified as one of the vital points. Most of the cases, the efforts to change have been diluted due to employee resistance. Although managers are aware of the importance of analysing the change resistance, they have ignored to assess the circumstances (Greener and Hughes, 2016). Instead of thorough assessment, the managers have preferred to tackle the scenario by following previous experience and guidelines. As a matter of the fact, the implementation of change model has to deal with significant challenges in the form of employee resistance. Hence, to identify the reason behind the human resistance, an adequate analysis must be required. According to the research, some of the basic reasons for change resistance are parochial self-interest, a misunderstanding with the management, low set of change tolerance, and wrong assessments (Griffith, 2011). Other than the change resistance, the style of leadership and management can be termed as other criteria to be overviewed before selecting the change implementation model. Different leadership styles such as autocratic, transactional, transformational, participative, and Laissez-Faire create different types of impact on the human resources (Graetz, 2010). Depending on the organisational infrastructure and business environment, leaders have followed distinct leadership style and management techniques to influence and motivate the employees. Clearly, the outcome of different leadership approaches will be different as well (Pollack, 2015). Hence, it is one of the most formidable factors to be considered before choosing best change implementation model out of the three i.e. Lewins Change Management Model, Kotters 8 Step Change Model, and McKinsey 7-S Model. Each of the models follows different change management theories to implement the best change model according to the need (Czichos, 2 014). The contemporary role of leadership and management Change management is primarily driven by the top management and leadership of a firm. Hence, change management implies that organisational leadership and management are convinced about the inevitability of transformation. Precisely, successful change management relies on the leadership as the organisational leaders have got the authority to implement and execute change (Gill, 2012). In a contemporary business environment, support of the leaders is mandatory to drive change in a successful order. First, leaders can be termed as the major sponsor of a change management process. Therefore, by using their political capital leadership can advocate the change. In addition, leadership acts as a role model influencing the change instruments. By demonstrating right behaviour and attitude towards change, leaders and management have set the platform (Bush, 2015). Thus, self-awareness and deliberate approach of leadership set examples to the rest of the human resources participating in the chang e management process. On the other hand, organisational leadership has to take the final call regarding change management resources i.e. budget, equipment, and human resources to be involved. Invariably, by selecting the best options supportive for the change initiative can increase the strength of the process (Smid, van Hout and Burger, 2016). In the meanwhile, setting communication with the rest of the change agents must be controlled by the leadership of a firm (Abbasi, 2017). Thus, the ethics, corporate social responsibility, and primary targets to change management have been retained during the process of change implementation. In terms of sharing change related information, communication with the rest of the employees can determine the fate of the process. Decisively, transparent and to the point, messages must be delivered to the human resources so that relevancy of the process can be maintained (Gharehbaghi, 2012). Most importantly, the leadership and management must deliver the motivation to chan ge so that the organisational human resource can fluently get involved in the change process. The engagement of leaders has been essential to show the commitment and intent. Challenges in change management It is important to note that the change management team of an organisation needs to face different challenges while planning, implementing and communicating the changes (Kirton, 2013). On the basis of the change management principles, the four major challenges that will be faced by the management of EnQuest PLC are discussed in details herein below: Planning: The step by step planning is a major challenge for initiating the identified changes. It is important to note that a change in the organisation may lead to more problems as compared to the benefits. The risk related to the changes must be identified during the planning phase. There are several uncertainties that are unknown is nature and cannot be forecasted (Have, 2017). For example, the change in the price of using innovative technology and hiring new employees may lead to financial risk or failure of budget for initiating the changed (Kirton, 2013). Hence, it is important for the management to understand what exact changes are required and how to initiate those changes after considering the major uncertainties in order to effectively plan the changes. Lack of Consensus: It is important for the change agent to note that failure of convincing everyone in the organisation to corporate change may lead to the failure of implementing the change. The decision of implementing the changes must come from the top level executives of the organisation. Furthermore, the resistance of the top level management may create problem during the planning phase (Diefenbach, 2017). Therefore, it is important for the change management team to develop the mission and vision that are to be attained by the identified changes to convince the top level executives with the change process. Resistance of the employees: Resistance of the employees is another major problem for the change management process. The employees feel comfortable with the ongoing process of the business and new changes initiated by the management become difficult for the employee to take up (Murthy, 2017). Furthermore, any major changes may disrupt the motivation level of the current workers and impact the organisational commitment. Introduction of new employees and innovative technology will change the current operations strategy that may create resistance among the old employees. Hence, it is important for the top level management to involve the employees in the change process to effectively initiate the changes. Communication: The failure of communicating the changes with the workers leads to fear and rumours among the workforce. The rumours and fears mainly occur during the time of major changes such as merger or downsizing (Murthy, 2017). Employees would like to know whats going on and whether the new change is beneficial or negative for the workers (Alas and Vadi, 2016). Hence, it is important for the change management team to effectively communicate the changes with the employees and make them aware of the benefits of the proposed changes. The supportive of the employees is the key factor for the successful implementation of the planned changes. Problem solving techniques Different problem solving techniques can be used by the management of EnQuest PLC to identify and mitigate the issues of change process in the organisation. For instance, the Osborns method of creative problem solving has been presented in the paper to solve the issues of change process in EnQuest PLC (Shaw, 2015). The framework suggests the use of brainstorming and creative thinking in solving the problems of change process. Hence, the Osborn method of creative problem solving has been presented in details herein below: Fact Finding Problem Definition: The problems related to the changes must be identified and discussed with the higher level executives. Interviews and surveys can be conducted to collect the feedback of the employees to effectively identify the problems (Greef and Reinecke, 2013). Preparation: The collected data regarding the challenges of change management must be analysed in order to know the current status of the proposed changes. Idea Finding Idea Production: During the second phase, the change management team needs to think up the ideas of mitigating the problems. Idea Development: During this phase, the change management team need to select the most appropriate ideas to mitigate the problems of change process (Greef and Reinecke, 2013). Solution Finding Evaluation: The identified ideas must be verified by discussing with the higher level executives and taking the feedback of the lower level managers. Adoption: Finally, the problem solving strategies must be developed on the basis of the evaluation of the identified solutions (Greef and Reinecke, 2013). Recommendation The management of EnQuest PLC is suggested to use the Kotters 8 Step Change management model to implement the changes effectively. The explanation of the 8 steps of Kotters change model has been presented herein below: Create urgency: Firstly, the management must focus on effectively planning the identified changes and communicate the idea of change with the top level management to get their approval (Campbell, 2014). Form powerful coalition: In the second phase, the management must focus on developing a powerful change management team that can proceed with the planned strategies (Lawrence, 2015). Develop vision for change: In the third step, the change management team must develop vision statement that portrays the future benefits of the changing the technology used by the organisation and employing new workers (Lawrence, 2015). Communicate the vision: The fourth step is to communicate the vision with the different level of employees. The benefits and drawbacks of the planned changes must be communicated with the employees in order to motivate them towards the change (Campbell, 2014). Effective communication of the changes will increase the employees participation in the change process that will ensure the success of the initiative. Remove obstacles: The fifth step is to identify the obstacles and remove them by effective involvement of the stakeholders. The management must consider the uncertainties and resistance to change process while planning the change. The involvement of the primary stakeholders such as higher level executives, board of directors and lower level employees can be helpful in mitigate the resistance among the stakeholders towards the change (Campbell, 2014). Finally, it is recommended to the management of EnQuest PLC to use effective problem solving techniques such as brainstorming and critical thinking methods to mitigate the challenges of change process. Create short term wins: The management must set short term goals and objectives and the short term progress must be evaluated to know whether the change management system is going towards the right direction or not (Lawrence, 2015). If the changes are found to be successful, the team must celebrate it with the entire organisation. Build on the change: In the next step, any drawbacks in the change management process must be checked and rectified to avoid occurrence of such mistake in the future (Campbell, 2014). The change management team must set long term goals and continue with the change process. Make the change permanent: In the final stage, the management must communicate the outcomes of the change process with all members of the firm (Lawrence, 2015). Finally, the management must develop long term plans to make the changes permanent. Conclusion By considering the above analysis, EnQuest PLC needs to make changes in the workforce in order to solve the issue of retirement of well aged and experience engineers in the firm. Additionally, the company needs to introduce innovative technology to improve its efficiency and productivity. The implementation of the identified changes may lead to several challenges that need to be met by using various change management models and effective problem solving techniques. Conclusively, the management of EnQuest PLC must focus on stakeholders involvement in the transformation process and better communication of the proposed changes in order to successfully implement the alterations. References Abbasi, B. (2017). Transformational leadership and change readiness and a moderating role of perceived bureaucratic structure: an empirical investigation.Problems and Perspectives in Management, 15(1), pp.35-44. Alas, R. and Vadi, M. (2016). The impact of organisational culture on organisational learning and attitudes concerning change from an institutional perspective.International Journal of Strategic Change Management, 1(1/2), p.155. Bush, T. (2015). From Management to Leadership.Educational Management Administration Leadership, 36(2), pp.271-288. Campbell, H. (2014).Managing organizational change. Philadelphia, PA: Kogan Page. Czichos, R. (2014).Change Management. 3rd ed. Freiburg im Breisgau: Haufe-Lexware. Diefenbach, T. (2017). The managerialistic ideology of organisational change management.Journal of Organizational Change Management, 20(1), pp.126-144. Enquest.com. (2017).EnQuest. [online] Available at: https://www.enquest.com/ [Accessed Aug. 2017]. Gharehbaghi, K. (2012). Leadership in Management Situations of Rapid Uncertain Change.Leadership and Management in Engineering, 2(2), pp.29-30. Gill, R. (2012). Change management--or change leadership?.Journal of Change Management, 3(4), pp.307-318. Graetz, F. (2010). Strategic change leadership.Management Decision, 38(8), pp.550-564. Greef, A. and Reinecke, R. (2013). Problem solving using artificial intelligence techniques.ORiON, 4(1). Greener, T. and Hughes, M. (2016). Managing change before change management.Strategic Change, 15(4), pp.205-212. Griffith, J. (2011). Why change management fails.Journal of Change Management, 2(4), pp.297-304. Have, S. (2017).Reconsidering change management. 4th ed. New York: Routledge. Kirton, M. (2013).Adaption-innovation. 4th ed. London: Routledge. Lawrence, P. (2015).Leading change. London, United Kingdom: Kogan Page Limited. Murthy, C. (2017).Change management. 3rd ed. Mumbai: Himalaya Pub. House Pvt. Ltd. Pollack, J. (2015). Understanding the divide between the theory and practice of organisational change.Organisational Project Management, 2(1), p.35. Shaw, D. (2015). Managing dualities in organizational change projects.Journal of Change Management, 16(3), pp.201-222. Smid, G., van Hout, E. and Burger, Y. (2016). Leadership in organisational change: Rules for successful hiring in interim management.Journal of Change Management, 6(1), pp.35-51.

The Novel That I Chose To Do This Report On Was, The Plague, By Albert

The novel that I chose to do this report on was, "The Plague", by Albert Camus. It is about a plague that hit the European countries in the middle ages. I chose to describe the literary term of parallelism. Here are some following facts about the story's plot that involve parallelism through the novel. The novel begins at Oran where the plague becomes known. The main character, Dr. Gernard Rieux, is a doctor. In the beginning of the story he finds a dead rat on the floor. Even in those times rats were not found dead on the middle of the floor. This was unusual, but he threw out the rat and forgot about it. Eventually the dead rats began to pile into large masses and burned. Soon after there were some people that got very sick, which made Mr. Rieux very curious. These reports of these ill people and the death of the rats were the beginning of the parallelism for this story. Since Bernard was a doctor he was the first to actually attempt to help one of these sick people. Michae l was his first patient in this matter. He was the sickest person that the doctor had ever seen. Michael was pale white and vomited often, he hurt so much from the vomiting that he seemed paralyzed. Mr. Rieux tried to help the man the best that he could, but he ended up dying. Michael was the first person to die of this illness. After his death, many cases of this illness were reported widespread. Again more details of sickness and death, this is the parallelism for this novel. As the reports of sickness and death came to inform Dr. Rieux, he tried to comfort and cure the plagued patients. About ninety percent of the people infected had died. He wanted a stop to this plague. Quickly he linked the rats with the people. He knew that the rats began to get sick before the people did. At this time many people had the plague, except for the Chinese visitors. They never were infected. As the plot moves on death, sickness and the plague are still relevant. He studied their behaviors and everyday tasks and learned that they do something that was never often done in these middle ages. Not many people in these days bathed. The doctor began to notice that the people that bathed never got sick. So he asked all of his, still living patients, to take baths frequently. This proved to be the miracle cure for the people. The doctor asked his other fellow doctors to follow the same practice with their patients. The word was spread and the plague was soon wiped out. So as you can see, the literary term of parallelism was deemed very relevant through the ongoing plot. Death, sickness, and the plague epresented the story's parallelism. Albert Camus made parallelism the main literary term for this novel, given away by the title, "The Plague."

Genetically Modified Soybeaans essays

Genetically Modified Soybeaans essays Roundup Ready Soybeans are soybeans made to maximize the herbicide ability of a spray called Roundup Glyphosate is the active or main ingredient in Roundup. Glyphosate or phosphonomethylglycine, is a white, odorless solid that dissolves in water (Some Food for FDA Regulation). Once it is sprayed on a plant it is absorbed and then moves through the plant tissues where it inhibits the production of the enzyme EPSP synthase. This stops the plant from making amino acids essential for life, which results in death. This means that Roundup cannot be sprayed on any fields where the crop has begun to sprout out of the ground since the herbicide would end up killing the crop which had been planted in the field (Some Food for FDA Regulation). The Glyphosate in Roundup will not effect attended vegetables by moving through the soil, which also results in the lessening chance of it moving into groundwater, which lessens the chance of pollution (Some Food for FDA Regulation). Roundup can only be us ed before the crop reach a certain stage of growth. This is why Roundup Ready soybeans were created and this allows for farmers to have superior weed control and also maximize field potential. The ability to produce great crop was enhanced since farmers could use this, plus it was extremely cheap ( Winston 135). Roundup Ready soybeans are tolerant to the herbicide Roundup because each and every seed is injected with a gene called Roundup Ready gene (Genetically Modified Crops). Genetically modified beans has no particular purpose, besides the fact that it helps the production of more soybeans for cheaper cost. Briefly the process for injecting this gene was identifying and isolating the gene that was able to resist herbicide from a common garden plant, called geranium (Genetically Modified Crops). Then attaching it to a gold dust and blasting the gold dust at a soyb ...

Team building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Team building - Essay Example The critical inaccuracies lied in the factors of overall motivation and job satisfaction, and positive firm and lawyer acknowledgment of good performance. Apart from self-determination and autonomy, teamwork also exerts a significant influence on work performance and motivation. The affiliation or membership in a firm goes with multiple group memberships, including that of the department, team or section. Identification to a team influences behavior and may be a source of motivation for employees. In fact, researches have demonstrated that the psychological oneness that one feels for a firm compels employees to identify with the firm’s way of seeing things, attaining its goals, and striving for its benefit. Eventually, the employee will exhibit ownership of the company’s goals. Thus, it is critical that the organization be able to effectively foster teamwork among the members of its workforce for sustained productivity (van Knippenberg, 2000). The paper by Neff (2002) has failed to consider the effect of task complexity on perceptions of teamwork. In general, it has only focused on teamwork as a general construct, and has not integrated the more important correlates of this concept. Jassawalla & Sashittal (2003) assert that the building of collaborative teams is not enough, specifically for highly complex projects such as the institutionalization of novel product processes. He conducted a study of new product development (NPD) processes in 10 mid size to large high-technology firms; among these, 8 utilized teams. The results of the study were culled from in-depth interviews with those involved in NPD processes. The authors have put forth contradictory outcomes from two distinct high-innovation organizations that upheld collaborative teamwork. The most apparent findings from Jassawalla & Sashittal (2003) assert that the simple

William Faulkner-Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

William Faulkner-Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example ion and constraint of the ‘other’ as they are examined by notables in the field such as Edward Said and Ziauddin Sardar and then applying these theories to Faulkner’s short story â€Å"Ad Astra,† one can begin to see how these theories can be traced in action in contemporary media. As the world enters into more troubled times with nations struggling against nations, it is more important than ever to understand how to achieve a more stable and in depth understanding of those we might simply wish to classify as ‘other’. William Faulkner (1897-1962) is one of America’s most highlighted and most unlikely authors. Eventually producing 26 books and a difficult to count number of short stories, Faulkner’s stories were full of such artistry and character that he has become recognized as a giant in world literature. â€Å"Faulkner accomplished in a little over a decade more artistically than most writers accomplish over a lifetime of writing† (Padgett, 2005). His creation of the mythical Yoknapatawpha County, along with all the people in it, painted a precise picture of what life was like in the turn of the century American south. Rather than portraying his characters in keeping with the generally accepted and widely held view of the stereotypical farmer, for instance, Faulkner presented his characters, good and bad, with a strong degree of sensitivity and understanding (Cowley, 1977). Although Faulkner has incorporated a number of themes and issues within his writings, one of the mor e prevalent is his exploration of the true nature of the black man as an individual human being capable of great strength and resilience. This is significant as it was a time in which most black men (and women) were viewed as somehow subhuman, having just recently escaped the shackles of slavery yet still confined within those of ignorance, poverty and blatant oppression. This impression laid the foundation for today’s race relations as well as illustrated the degree to

Copyright Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Copyright Law - Essay Example This clearly has implications for online protection of copyright with the proliferation of the Internet and multifarious online uses involving copyrighted works. For example, if data is stored on a US computer is downloaded in the UK, UK law will apply and not US law under the Convention5, which creates issues of enforceability and policing in an internationally networked environment offering broader scope for anonymity. Furthermore, the protection of copyright online has become increasingly contentious due to the ease of copying materials in machine readable form and distribution on the Internet6. This is compounded by the low cost of copying and transmitting files on the Internet and the difficulty of policing a borderless jurisdiction further exacerbates the issue as to where liability should lie7. Section 17 of the CDPA addresses copyright infringement and provides that copyright protection prohibits copying the work, issuing copies of the work to the public, renting or lending the work to the public, perform the work, broadcast the work, adapt or amend the work. Additionally, these acts will constitute copyright infringement if there is copying of the â€Å"substantial part† of the copyright works8. Remedies for copyright are commonly damages (often for lost royalty payments), injunctions, accounts for profits or orders for delivery up9. The fair use doctrine is the most common copyright exception under section 29(1) of the CDPA10. Alternatively, section 31 of the CDPA provides a defence of incidental inclusion of copyrighted materials such as when filming or recording live events; which is particularly relevant to inclusion in artistic work, sound recordings, film or broadcasts. The sheer vast range of availability of information online has further rendered it difficult to enforce the principle that there is no implied licence to copy11. Theoretically, downloading someone’s web page is clearly copyright infringement and the

Management Control System of a Commercial Bank XY

Management Control System of a Commercial Bank XY This paper attempts to examine the management control system in a Pakistani commercial bank. The commercial banking sector in Pakistan is very competitive. The majority of commercial banks have customer retention on its top priority. Commercial banks are encouraging employees to upgrade their knowledge and skill. The working environment is also congenial in Pakistani commercial banks. Management control systems are essential tool to help management to steer an organization towards its strategic objectives. Designing and implementing an appropriate management control system based on Pakistani national culture can improve both the short and long term performance of commercial banks. This will make commercial banks more efficient and cost effective in extending banking services to all the customers. However, the future research needs to examine the relationship between management control system and effectiveness of the commercial banks of Pakistan. Introduction The introduction part begins with historical background of management control and management accounting. This leads further to an establishment of the purpose of the study and its limitations. 1.1 Historical Background The Management Control and Management Accounting The need for management control arose after the Industrial Revolution and gave companies the opportunity of greater growth and expansion than what had been possible earlier. Larger parts of the value chain were situated within these new and greater companies instead of being spread on different locations in smaller companies or single persons. After these great changes, companies started to require financial measures as business ratios and transfer pricing, and from that point the development of different types of management controls and accounting controls began ( Kaplan Johnson 1987). The Dupont Company is often considered to be the inventor of the modern management control (Kaplan 1984). In the early 1900s, DuPont decided to organize itself by dividing the organization into separate functions, e.g. manufacturing, sales and purchasing. Every single one of these functions had their own manager who could be very specialized in how to manage the specific function. Hence, the senior managers did not have to be involved much in those activities and could fully focus on things as long- term strategies. It was this type of decentralized organization that made Dupont realizes that they needed a performance measurement system. They launched a new accounting measure, return on investment (ROI), because they thought it would be more accurate to use than the old measures which measured earnings and profits as a percentage of sales or costs. Dupont along with General Motors are considered as the pioneers in this area and were also involved in creating different types of decent ralized organizations, budgeting and planning cycles (Kaplan, 1984). In an article from 1984, Kaplan discussed what had happened in the development of the area from 1925 to that point. He considered that not as much as expected had happened between 1925 and 1984. Of those new ideas that had been presented, many were just academic theories which had little or no influence on the real organizations, who should be the beneficiaries. As of today the opposite problem from what Kaplan said in 1984 can be spotted. Today there are almost too many choices in accounting and management control, and they are not as well studied as the older theories and tools (Malmi and Granlund, 2009). There is also another problem with the new theories and tools, companies and organizations seem to have too much faith in them and use them in an uncritical way. They are considered as the solution of all management problems. Examples of these new theories and tools are, activity- based-costing (ABC), business process reengineering (BPR), balanced Score cards (BSC) and total quality management (TQM). These systems are often expensive to acquire and use, and companies perhaps, do not evaluate the relation between costs and benefits of the systems they use, or why they use it at all. Are they used just because they are modern and all the competitors use it, or do they really create value for the company (Siverbo and Akesson 2009). 1.2 Contribution of the Study The banking sector serves as the main source of resource mobilization in developing economies. Commercial bank play significant role in the economic development. Today and more precisely in future, companies, organizations (banks) and other decision making entities whether profit making or not, will face major management challenges. Irrespective of whether the main goal of the organization is to make profit or not, it becomes necessary to institute a mechanism in those entities to control the activities of managers so that they remain on track of the proper routes as established by management. In order to keep activities of the organization in track a management control system is essential (Rijal S., 2006). With the background just proposed I find it interesting to see how a company like a commercial bank XY has commenced its banking operations from November Ist, 1997 as a public limited company is currently operating a large network through 223 branches in Pakistan, with the registe red office at B.A. Building, I.I. Chundrigar, Karachi. The bank perceived the requirements of customers and matches them with quality products and service solutions. During the past five years, bank has emerged as one of the foremost financial institution in the region endeavoring to meet the needs of tomorrow as well as today. To continually upgrade the quality of service to the customers, training of team members in all the integral aspects of banking, customer service and MCS was specially focused. The portfolio concentrates on all aspects of conventional banking as well as the financial needs of corporate sector. Dynamic and high value product includes Car Financing, Home Financing, Rupee Travelers Cheques, Credits Cards, Debit Cards, Online Banking, ATM and consumer Durables. In addition to this, Islamic Banking Division is a recent initiative, which operates as separate branch. With such a huge expansion of branches network, the importance of a well-functioning management cont rol system becomes crucial for their success. People have different beliefs and goals that they want to achieve, which makes it challenging for the management of the company to make every employee take actions in line with what is desirable(www.scribd.com). In this case study author aim to describe the management control systems of a commercial bank with its virtual name XY from Pakistan, since it is expanding and growing with good speed as compared to other banks due to its good MCS system. 1.3 Problem Formulation Bank XY is a commercial bank in Pakistan that is growing rapidly and expanding its branches network in the country. Bank XY has had a huge success and uses almost the same control systems in every branch all over the country (Telephone Interview, 2010), which makes it interesting for me to describe and analyze one of them. My principal research question is that, What management control systems are used at different levels of the commercial bank XY in Pakistan? 1.4 Purpose of Study The main objective of this study is to analyze and describe the management control system of commercial Bank XY in Pakistan. I shall also try to explain how the different management control systems are used in the bank. 1.5 Limitation of the Study The focus of this study is to describe the management control systems used by managers to direct employees, behavior. Considering the size of Bank XY,s organization and the time I have deliberated to this study, it is reasonable for me to limit the study to include few bank branch and the management control systems controlling these branches from higher levels of the organization. I shall also focus on the internal environment, which means I shall not consider most of the external environment that is not crucial to the understanding of the management control system within the bank branch. Data and Methodology This case study will be written by the qualitative school of thought, since author aim is to understand the management control system of the certain company he has chosen. Author has no ambitions to make any general assumptions based on this single study, in contrast to if he had chosen to do a quantitative research study on several companies. The type of case study he has chosen to use is the abductive ase study, since he wanted to have the opportunity to return to the theory even after empirical materials had been collected (alvesson Skoldberg, 1994). The paper is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data have been collected by phone interview developed for branch manager and employees at different branches. The responses were received from the 12 managers and supporting employees of 12 bank branches. Secondary data have been collected from the website of Bank XY, Pakistan. The data, collected from various sources have been analyzed with the support of previously developed theory. Theory In this chapter, I shall examine the main theories of management control. Before explaining the definitions of management control systems (MCSs), Author shall try to explain management and management control. 3.1 Management and Management Control Literature written on the subject, management is defined in several ways, but all have something to do with the process of allocating resources and direct activities to fulfill the organizations overall objectives. Management is a broad subject and can be divided into smaller elements such as operations, finance, marketing/sales and product development. The management process can also be separated into smaller parts that are objective setting, strategy formulation and management control. Objective setting is a necessary process to formulate and sometimes reconsider the direction and destination of the company. If the objectives are not set it is impossible to determine if the resources are allocated in the right way and if the right activities have been performed. Strategy formulation is the process where organization finds out how to use their resources to meet their objectives. The management processes of objectives setting, strategy formulation and management control is a process of continuum (Merchant and Van der Stede, 2007). 3.2 Merchants Management Control Alternatives According to Merchant and Van der Stede (2007) companies and other organizations have four management control alternatives i.e., result control, action control, personnel controls and cultural controls. 3.2.1 Result Controls The basic idea of results controls is that you do not tell your employees how to do things but what you want them to achieve and how they will benefit if they achieve it. For example, a manager tells an employee that he wants him to produce ten units a week, and if he succeeds he will receive a reward of $50. By these actions the manager may control his employees to do what he desires without interfering too much in their work practices. The process of result controls include four steps, the first is defining the dimensions on which results are desired, the second is measuring performance on these dimensions, the third is setting performance targets for employees to strive for and the last is providing rewards to encourage the behaviors that will lead to the desired results. Results controls are usually used on professional employees who are considered to be able to work effectively without being told how to do things, but instead work efficiently towards targets (Merchant and Van de r Stede, 2007). 3.2.2 Action Controls Action controls are somewhat the opposite of results controls, employees are told what to do and how they should do it, e.g. by rules and procedures. The difficulty with this is that the rules and procedures must be optimized, or else the employees will do everything wrong, despite their doing what they were told by their managers (Merchant and Van der Stede, 2007). 3.2.3 Personnel Controls Personnel controls refer to the assumption that employees by nature want to control themselves. Managers do not have to tell employees what to do and then monitor their every moves to be sure that they do the tasks that that where intended. The assumption is that employees like to perform well for themselves and this should result in a well performing company. Unlike, or at least not as much as results and action controls, these types of controls require more careful selection of employees. Everyone have to fully qualified for the position they occupy on the organization to make it possible to use personnel control. Motivation is another important aspect to make this work; managers have to keep their employees constantly motivated. This may be achieved by training, further work related education or different types of rewards (Merchant and Van der Stede, 2007). 3.2.4 Cultural Controls When personnel controls trust the ability that people want to perform well, cultural controls rely on the ability that group to keep up the values and approaches the organization aims at. In the group organization everyone is supposed to take responsibility and care of everyone else and the peer pressure is important. The idea is that the group should motivate itself; the assignment of the managers is in this case to instruct the group in what to be motivated to do. To their help managers can use things as codes of conduct or group rewards and if the group performs well the group will receive a reward. If only group rewards are provided the individual employee will try to do his/her best to make the group perform well, instead of just caring about themselves (Merchant and Van der Stede, 2007). 3.2.5 Control System Tightness The benefit from any well functioning MCS is that the likelihood that the company will achieve its objectives increases. This benefit can be described in terms of MCS tightness (or looseness), where a tight MCS increases the probability that the employees will take actions that is desirable by the organization. Managers often use more than one kind of management control alternative to tighten control. Sometimes these controls overlap and sometimes they are complementary, which enables the combination of them to create tight control over all of the factors critical to the organizations success (Merchant and Van der Stede, 2007). Whether a results control is tight or loose depends on the characteristics of the definitions of the desired result areas, the performance measures, and the reinforcement or incentives provided. According to Merchant and Van der Stede (2007), for management control to be considered tight in a results controls system, the results dimensions must be congruent with the true organizational objectives, the performance targets must be specific, with feedback in short time increments, the desired result must be effectively communicated and internalized by those whose behaviors are being controlled, and if results controls are given exclusively in a given performance area, the measures must be complete (PP 118 119). Congruence problems can exist because the management does not understand the organizations true objectives or the measure dimensions do not reflect the organizations true objectives (Merchant and Van der Stede, 2007). For a results control system to be tight, the performance measures also have to be precise, objective, timely and understandable. If the performance measures used do not possess these characteristics the control system cannot be considered tight since behavioral problems are likely. Furthermore, if rewards (or punishments) are directly and definitely linked to the accomplishment or non-accomplishment of the desired targets, the MCS is more likely to be tighter (Merchant and Van der Stede, 2007). Action control systems can be considered tight only if it likely that employee will consistently perform the actions desired to achieve the companys objectives and not take any undesirable actions. The tightness of the action accountability controls depends on characteristics of the definitions of desirable and undesirable actions, the effectiveness of the action-tracking system and the reinforcements (rewards and punishments) provided. An effective action tracking system is where employees can be certain that their actions will be noticed relatively quickly. Punishment is more common in action control contexts than in a result control context, since they often include employee violation of rules and procedures (Merchant and Van der Stede, 2007). Tight personnel/cultural controls are most likely to be found in charity and voluntary organizations where employees feel some kind of satisfaction by doing good, in family businesses, where the interest of the family employees are same as the organizations (Merchant and Van der Stede, 2007). Empirical Data The first section of this chapter includes history and other essential facts of a commercial bank XY, Pakistan. The next section includes the empirical information author obtained during his telephonic interviews with the managers and employees at Bank. 4.1 History and facts about Commercial Bank XY Bank XY was founded in June 21st, 1997 its banking operations started from November1st, 1997. The bank engaged in commercial banking and related services. The bank is currently operating through 223 branches. Bank XY target market conceits of individual client as well as number of business organization. Bank XY has segment the market on demographic, psychological and behavioral style to target maximum number of segments with different varieties of products suitable for each segment. Dynamic and high value product includes Car Financing, Home Financing, Rupee Travelers Cheques, Credits Cards, Debit Cards, Online Banking, ATM and consumer Durables. In addition to this, Islamic Banking Division is a recent initiative, which operates as separate branch. This facilitates their commitment to a culture of innovation and seeks out synergies with clients and service providers to ensure interrupted services to its customers. The bank perceived the requirements of customers and matches them wit h quality products and service solutions. During the past five years, bank has emerged as one of the foremost financial institution in the region endeavoring to meet the needs of tomorrow as well as today. To continually upgrade the quality of service to the customers, training of team members in all the integral aspects of banking, customer service and MCS was specially focused (www.scribd.com) 4.2 Telephonic Interviews at Bank XY All the empirical material in this section was obtained during the telephonic interviews. Author interviewed managers at different levels with involvement in personnel, sales, financial and business related areas at Bank XY. Author also made phone interview with an employee at the Bank XY Head Office. 4.3 MCS in Commercial Bank XY 4.3.1 MCS for Selection of Employee Every new employee is carefully selected to fit the profile of how Bank wants them to be and the employees need to know how important the core values are for the bank. The education and banking experience have important consideration during selection of new employees. The personality and which values you have are also important. Hence, selection of employees is important and tries to employee people that already have the right values and beliefs to fit the culture. They also think it is important that the applicants have an interest for bank job. They believe that if the applicant has visited their own website to look for employment, they have taken the first step to show to show interest in bank job. When a new person is employed he or she undergoes an introduction education and training for few days. 4.3.2 Generic Strategy of Commercial Bank The generic strategy of commercial bank XY is divided for two main areas of business, deposit and lending. The different branches of the same commercial banks at the different geographical location are adopting result, action, personnel and culture controls jointly. In case of lending majority of branches uses result and action control simultaneously. 4.3.3 Marketing of New Services Most of the commercial bank branches promote their products/services very aggressively by using result and action control. The majority of the commercial bank branches are concentrating in maintaining customers and only some branches are competing for customer acquisition. 4.3.4 Target setting Practice The commercial bank set target for their branches for the purpose of planning and controlling the activities. In most of the branches target is fixed in terms of number of clients, amount of deposit and the amount of lending. Individual target are also set and properly communicated to them. 4.3.5 Performance Measurement The commercial bank compares actual performance with predetermined target of their branches frequently. 4.3.5 Reward System In commercial banking sector, benefit/reward/salary/promotion is mostly determined by performance followed by education, experience, new relationship/ customer marketed in deposit or lending and factors respectively like majority get benefit for better performance and some did not get performance benefit. The commercial bank provided bonus to their employees out of profit. The amount of bonus is based on the amount of salary the employees are getting. Some bonuses are related to outstanding performance also. 4.3. 5 Encouragement to employees to learn new Skills The commercial bank is encouraging his employees to discharge better performance and enhance educational qualification and attain trainings. The majority of employees working in the bank get leave sanctioned from their bank to attain training related to their jobs. It also supports that the commercial bank is encouraging employees to learn new skill and knowledge. 4.3.6 Cooperation Majority of the employees feel they get complete cooperation from their coworkers. It indicates the working environment is very conducive in the bank to discharge better performance. Analysis In this chapter author has analyzed the empirical data collected at the interviews on the basis of the theories described in the theory part. 5.1 The Combination of Merchant,s Control Alternatives at Bank XY As described by Merchant and Van der Stede (2007) the benefit from a MCS can be expressed by the tightness or looseness of the MCS. As specified, a tight results control system must include results dimensions that are congruent with the organizations true objectives, performance targets that are specific, feedback in short time intervals, effective communication of the desired result and complete measures if the results control system is used exclusively (Merchant and Van der Stede, 2007). As author shall argue below, he thinks that all these factors are met at the Bank branch. First, the measures that the branch working seem to be congruent with the true organization objectives since they measure advances/loans, deposits and costs such as personnel, branch office and operational cost very carefully. They also use non-financial performance measures such as the customer satisfaction index which enables them to overcome the shortcoming of the financial performance measures. Since they take customer satisfaction into consideration they decreased the possibility of increasing result at the expense of decreasing customer satisfaction, which is congruent with their true organizational objectives. Secondly, the targets they use seem to be specific since they use detailed measures to evaluate their performance, e.g. they not measure the number of borrower and depositor, but also borrowed and deposited amount per each customer. Furthermore they set specific targets of how high percentage of customers should be satisfied with their services e.g. the turnaround time for loan application, the waiting time in the counters. Thirdly, the employees get feedback in short time intervals since performance is communicated on a daily basis as well as more detailed feedback weekly at meeting, and yearly when they e.g. see the target achievement report. Lastly the desired results are communicated effectively through their regular meetings and the process of setting the business and action plans. According to Merchant and Van der Stede (2007), a tight results control system also have comprise performance measures that are, precise, objective, timely and understandable. Furthermore they argue that the results control system is likely to be tighter if rewards or punishments are directly and definitely linked to the accomplishment or non-accomplishment of the desired targets. I think that the performance measures of Bank Alfalah meet the characteristics described by Merchant and Van der Stede (2007). The salary system used by the bank is also linked to their performance on the desired targets. Hence, it seems like the results control system of the bank can be considered as tight. The action control systems of a commercial bank does not include as many rules, but instead they have a quite strict organization and governance structure. They also use daily, weekly, monthly performance follow up sheets and manuals to control the actions of employees. According to Merchant and Van der Stede (2007) examples of action controls are behavioral constraints, preaction reviews and action accountability. They further argue that the action control systems can be considered tight only if it is likely that employees will consistently perform the actions. Bank branch does not use as many physical constraints but rather more administrative constraints such as restricting some decisions making to higher levels of the organization. However, in general, the bank branch managers and supporting employees have quite a high influence on their own department of the branch and can make many decisions on their own. The employees actions are supervised by their closest manager and since bank has many different organization levels and each has their own manager it is likely that the managers can track their subordinates actions quite carefully. Furthermore, since the results control system is tight it is also reasonable to believe that undesirable actions will be discovered fairly quickly. Reinforcements used are group rewards such as one basic or two basic salaries that will be paid if the bank employees have achieved the targets. To sum up, there is no doubt that bank uses action controls and action control systems but I would not consider them either tight or loose, but rather moderate or average. As concluded by Merchant and Van der Stede (2007) the personnel/cultural control systems are rarely tight, except in organizations whose corporate cultures are strong. Bank culture includes customers care-consciousness, equality, advances/loans and deposits target focus. These values are prominent and present in their vision, mission as well as in everything they do. They also emphasize the importance that every employee should share their values to fit in. This implies that bank corporate culture is strong which enables me to conclude that their personnel/cultural control is tight or at least moderately tight. Conclusion The Pakistani commercial banking sector is very competitive. The commercial banks are competing mainly in services in order to put in competitive position, to retain customers services at top priority. The majority of the commercial bank branches have been using results control system. All the commercial bank branches are applying the concept of management control system by setting targets for their branch and at individual and comparing it with actual performance. The target for a branch is fixed in terms of number of clients, amount of deposit and lending. Target is also fixed for the majority of the individuals employees. The target of the branches and individuals level is frequently monitored against their performance. The manager of the different branches of the commercial bank desire to evaluate the performance of the branch. According to individual employees responses, their financial and non financial benefit is based on performance followed by education and training and experience respectively. But the yearly bonus is based on salary they are getting. The managers of different bank branches encourage employees to participate in decision-making process. The commercial bank encourages employees to upgrade their knowledge and skill as the benefit is based on educational qualification and training after performance, they provide paid leave to participate in training and for further education. The working environment in commercial bank is very congenial as the majority of the employees felt that they get very much cooperation from their coworkers. However, the future research needs to examine the relationship between management control system and effectiveness of the commercial banks in Pakistan.

Zero and Asylum in the Snow by Lawrence Durrell :: Madness Psychology Durrell Essays

Zero and Asylum in the Snow by Lawrence Durrell What is madness? Is madness a brain disorder or a chemical imbalance? On the other hand, is it an expressed behavior that is far different from what society would believe is "normal"? Lawrence Durrell addresses these questions when he explores society's response to madness in his short story pair "Zero and Asylum in the Snow," which resembles the nearly incoherent ramblings of a madman. In these stories, Durrell portrays how sane, or lucid, people cannot grasp and understand the concept of madness. This inability to understand madness leads society to fear behavior that is different from "normal," and subsequently, this fear dictates how they deal with it. These responses include putting a name to what they fear and locking it up in an effort to control it. Underlying all, however, Durrell repeatedly raises the question: who should define what is mad? In line with these questions, Durrell emphasizes that the inability to understand often leads to fear. Moreover, with little or no knowledge of an event or concept, people tend to feel powerless and out of control. Without this necessary understanding, they are unable to have any influence on the situation. One such situation is madness, which is little understood, and the source of madness virtually unknown. People often fear madness, and try to avoid others who seem "weird," different, or exhibit some sign of madness. The people who fear are "poor cattle, they do not understand" ("Zero" 266), and "they will never discover†¦for they have no faith" ("Zero" 264). Durrell encourages them to put away their fears and stop looking for a logical explanation to "madness": "Come. Enter into the creative activity in which you do not need your understandings. Do not mistake truth for the possessive process any longer – ratiocination, knowledge" ("Zero" 252; emphasis added). Durrell believes that not everything needs a "rational" and "logical" explanation. Furthermore, though "madness" cannot be completely explained, it does not need to be feared. The old man in the asylum attempts to understand, "look[ing] profoundly cautious, asking questions, and gathering the answers" ("Zero" 268), and he comes close to understanding the narrator. However, his fear keeps him from grasping the truth: "For the first time there is an understanding in him, but it is hidden in fear" ("Zero" 258). Throughout the two stories, there are many instances where Durrell portrays this fear brought by a lack of understanding.

Main Strengths of Mill’s Utilitarianism

A) Explain the main strengths of Mills Utilitarianism? With rule utilitarianism you first have to agree to the general rule then after you apply it to specific cases. Some people see Mill as a rule utilitarian, which means that you act in accordance with those rules which, if generally followed, would provide the greatest general balance of pleasure over pain.This rule is also in line with how society works in the way that most people would prefer to cause pleasure rather than pain. Mill separates pleasure into higher and lower as that he thinks some pleasure like higher is more for the soul and are long term and will benefit you as a person and the lower pleasures which are more material and offer short term pleasure but not the sort that lasts.He use the saying ‘Better to be a human dissatisfied than a pig satisfies; Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied‘ to show the differences between the two pleasures as that you can be a human dissatisfied which is better than being a pig who is satisfied as that you are may not be happy or content but you are doing good which is better than someone who is happy and content but doing bad. There are two types of rule utilitarian.There is the strong rule utilitarian and there is the weak rule utilitarian and they can be identified by the strong utilitarian’s principles should never be broken and the weak rule utilitarian’s principles has a bit of give in the way you can apply it to a particular situation over the general rule. The strong form of the theory maintains that rules established through the application of utilitarian principle should never be broken. This means that there is no give in the rules and if you break the rules than you are going against the rule utilitarian act.The weak version allows for the possibility that those same utilitarian principles can take precedence in a particular situation over a general rule. However, the rule would still form part of the decision making process. The rules should be formulated first, based on the utilitarianism principles. The individual can then judge whether specific acts are acceptable. So the rule utilitarian is more like a guide line and you as a person can choice whether you want to follow each certain act or not. It is a simple and common sense philosophy which people in the twenty first century feel able to apply.This is a big strength as that Mill lived almost two hundred years ago and you can still apply it today and use it to live your life even though nearly everything has changed. It is also fair and suits democratic society as that if everyone is living in society and abiding by the same rule it makes it easier for society to determine what is right and wrong but it is also fair as that first you agree to the general rule then you apply it to specific case so each individual is different and you can bend the rule is you can but only in specific cases.One of the biggest strength is that it is a universa l rule, accessible whatever culture, religion and society so that it can be applied to everyone and everyone knows where they stand with it, because it is universal you can be more comfortable when communicating with people of religions you will feel more secure. B) Utilitarian’s can lead to wrong decisions. Discuss? Utilitarian often means basic, practical and plain. Some people would regard a plain, simple action or thing to be ‘good’, and complicated, sophisticated approaches to be ‘wrong’.An action which is judge useful and purposeful is known as a ‘good action’. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) is one of the most recent utilitarian’s to add his input onto how we live in society. He came to argue for a principle of utility, his means that an action should be judged good or bad by looking at its outcome and if an action produces benefits, advantages, pleasure, good or happiness it is ‘good’. Bentham defined society as a ‘’collection of individuals’’. A decision, followed by an action governed by that decision, is judge to be good by its having brought about a maximum amount of pleasure should out among the greatest number of people’. Bentham came up with the theory of the Hedonic Calculus and it is a system by which pleasure can be quantified. The hedonic calculus is split into six sections and each section is like a question and from the answers of each question at the end you can come to a conclusion which can measure the amount of pleasure a thing can give.Intensity, Duration, Purity, Certainty, Propinquity and Extent are the six sections in which you put a problem in too and at the end you get an answer of which the most pleasure will go to and if it is a higher or lower pleasure. There are difficulties’ with Bentham’s theory like the Hedonic Calculus as it makes a quantative judgement of pleasure as can one action produce the same amount of pleas ure as another and can differing pleasures be measured using units of measurements. It also relies on pleasure as a universal as pleasure for his reatest number assumes that everyone will find the same things pleasurable and we know that each person has there own stuff they like and dislike as we are individuals. So one persons pleasure like classical music is someone else pain like a rockstar. ‘The only good is pleasure and the evil is pain’. This statement is false as that you cannot judge good on one specific action and you can’t judge evil on one action either peoples perception on good and evil changes as no one person is the same a the next.So having a tattoo can give someone pleasure as that they are getting something they like inked onto their skin forever and they will get great pleasure from it but to another person that could be the worst thing ever as it hurts and cause you pain for a time. On the other hand studying for you’re A levels can be hard and temporarily painful at the time but eventual cause pleasure on results day when you get good grades. This is also higher and lower pleasure which are measure on the whole not as an individual.

music of the middle ages essays

music of the middle ages essays Music has been a great influence in the lives of many people for many years and is constantly changing. Music has been divided into six periods: Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, and Twentieth Century. The Medieval period was the longest and most distant period of musical history and consists of almost a millenniums worth of music. To examine the music of this period we must first look at the influences or dominating factors of medieval life. In a political sense, as well as a spiritual sense, the Roman Catholic Church was very much the focal point of a Medieval man's life. Between the collapse of control of the Roman Empire around 500 A.D. and the Renaissance in the middle 1400s, the Church remained the most continuously powerful organization in Europe. The great gothic cathedrals of the Middle Ages help demonstrate how religion had become the focus of the times. The thousands and thousands of hours of labour, the tremendous cost involved, the extraordinary and detailed craftsmanship without the use of cranes or power tools must give us an idea of the effects of religion and the power of the Church. To worship God through one's craft was the highest artistic ideal of the times. While some of the great secular classic literature of the past was well known to many, it was considered to be only a teaching tool to assist in the understanding of the Bible. Music has always been an integral part of religious celebrations throughout history, and for the Catholic Church of antiquity, it was a vital element. The music of the Catholic Church absorbed Greek, Jewish, and Syrian influences among others, through the teachings of : Pythagoras 6th 5th BCE, a Greek mathematician and a musical theorist who believed that there were perfect intervals in music and introduced the 8ve, 5th, 4th, whole tone. Pythagoras ideas gave music scientific credibility through numbers and allowed it to be introduced as on...

Notarial law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Notarial law - Essay Example Even if it were agreed that notaries should judge whether document signers comprehend the documents being executed, precisely what does that mean' What is the legal test of whether a signer comprehends a document being executed' One version of a legal standard for a signer to comprehend a document is whether the signer understands both the detailed substance of the terms of the document and the practical and legal consequences of the instrument. If this is the test, the mental competence of the signer would necessarily be implicated, for a signer could not possibly comprehend the full meaning and import of a document if the signer were mentally incapacitated. 5Obviously though, even a competent individual might not comprehend a particular instrument. Further, substantial confusion is caused by the imprecise use of the concepts of "competence" and "comprehension."6 As suggested above, while competence refers to one's ability to understand the nature and consequences of his/her transactions generally, comprehension refers to one's actual understanding of the nature and consequences of the particular transaction.7 Yet, these definitions are regularly substituted for one an other, just as the terms competence and comprehension are in artfully interchanged as though they were synonymous. 8 Now, the entire discussion leads one to the most important moot point of notaries verifying Power of Attorney documents. There can be no doubt that power of attorney is the most powerful document as it entrusts someone with all powers of another to represent him and act completely on his behalf .Therefore , it is necessary that signing of such document is duly notarized and validated as it may be tool of defrauding people This is essentially why it is so vital to ensure that such super powerful documents are notarized and following the reasoning already laid out in this paper , in matters of such importance , the notary public should try and find out if the signor is competent to sign and also has comprehended what he is signing . A possible version of the legal test of document signer comprehension is that the signer appreciates merely the general nature of the document (i.e. the kind of instrument being executed). Not only do the authors not object to the imposition of a duty on notaries consistent with this notion of document signer comprehension, but we endorse it. 9 However, one may safely presume it is the former definition of document comprehension, or a comparable meaning, that the proponents of a duty of notaries to determine document signer comprehension have in mind.10 For example, in his book Notary Public Handbook, Alfred Piombino seems to advocate such a heightened duty for the notary, for he suggests (during his discussion of "competency") that the notary should inquire into the signer's understanding of "the nature of the act to be performed" as well

Vietnam war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Vietnam war - Essay Example The North Vietnamese forces were supported by the Soviet Union by sending military supplies through its own proxy, communist China. The South Vietnamese were initially supported by the Americans by sending its military advisers but eventually the Americans got involved in the war by fighting directly themselves. The root cause of the Vietnam War is the American belief in the â€Å"domino theory† chain reaction which posits the idea that communism was spreading in Southeast Asia and soon the countries in the region will fall into the communist bloc if America will not intervene forcefully to stop it.1 The result of the Vietnam War was adverse for the United States of America as it lost in a war fought on military terms which was fought mostly as a non-conventional or guerrilla war. It marked the decline of American superpower status as it was defeated by a third-world country. America entered an isolationist and pacifist period as there was a strong anti-war public opinion or sentiment against starting new wars that cost thousands of American lives in foreign lands.2 In retrospect, the Vietnam War made Americans wary of military adventurism

Emotions In the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Emotions In the Workplace - Essay Example Many employees experience negative emotions because of mental health disorders. â€Å"Symptoms of mental health disorders may be different at work than in other situations† (Harvard University, 2014). A controlling boss can also induce sadness in the employees. It is human nature to want autonomy and freedom. Controlling bosses make the employees feel like they work in a confined space like servants. Employees do not feel respected in such a place and thus become sad. Another very important cause of sadness is workplace accidents because they lower the moral of the employees (Franklin, 2014). Negative emotions disrupt the environment and culture of an organization. Negative emotions foster an unhealthy culture. An individual’s performance at work is just as good as the individual’s feelings about the work. Negative emotions not only affect the person who experiences them first but also others who work with him/her in the same office. Nobody likes working or deali ng with a depressed, sad, or mentally ill

It is in description Essay Example for Free

It is in description Essay 1.The Salon was extremely important for artists wanting to establish their reputations. How do artists address that same challenge today? For all its pomp and popularity, the manner in which The Salon aids in establishing artists mainly through the same way that people seek to establish themselves in today’s modern times; finding a means to showcase one’s works to as many people as possible. This was answered by The Salon by providing a grounds that had no parallel in popularity, hence reaching multitudes of audiences at any given year. Nowadays, with the absence of such tightly-knit cultural circles such as those in the visual art field, modern technology allows for artists to reach out and display their works for al to see, in an even more convenient way – through the internet. There are websites that host image displays, allowing artists to create a portfolio that is easily accessible and available at any time at their whims. Given time and popularity, one may even venture out into creating one’s own website for the purpose of galleries and whatnot. 2. How did art reflect the periods preoccupation with science? At the time, architecture was already undergoing a transformation due to the influence of neoclassicism. However the biggest reflection of science in art during this period was the introduction of the Industrial Revolution which took place from the 18th century to the 19th century. This reflected in art pieces and such, showing the change taking place not only in art but in the development of mankind in a way where artists are somehow likened to historians, keeping tabs on the development of man 3. How did revolution influence art in the eighteenth century? What revolutions are influencing art today? Art in the 18th century were influenced deeply by the French Revolution as political and structural change we being implemented left and right. These changes found their way into art as well, for the change in society is often reflected in art through means descriptive of change as well. Not only was it the French Revolution that affected art in this way, but the Industrial Revolution as well. Nowadays, art is being greatly influenced by the digital revolution, wherein visual art is created through computers. 4. Neoclassicism was popular in Europe and the United States. (Just take a look at the government buildings in Washington, D. C.) Why was the style so appealing? What did the builders expect the style to express? Why do we think it represents us? Neoclassicism became very popular in the United States as well as in Europe for the fact that it allows one culture to honor their traditions in architecture, paying proper homage to that which had been developed by their forefathers, meanwhile allowing a bit of leeway enough to alter these traditions in manners unoffensive to the past. May of those who sought to incorporate this style in building were able to do so, honoring traditional values and developing current ones. It is deemed to represent us so aptly as it is important for one people to respect and honor and especially remember their heritage. 1. Technology radically changed 19th century architecture. What are some of the changes that modern technology has brought to architecture? How do those changes make our lives easier? How do those changes make our lives easier? How do they sometimes complicate our lives? With the introduction of innovation, most often the perception of man that has endured for so long – often as long as it took since the last revolutionary technology – takes a drastic overhaul; a major if not total restructuring or reinventing of tried and tested theories as well as practices. The art field is no different. With the introduction of modern techniques, from brushes to pens to digital media, art has undergone many transitions from one media to another, and from one technology to the next. Architecture, for example, has made developmental leaps and bounds through time as proved by the wildly varied architectural styles from different periods. Even as we enter the modern age, architecture continually develops to suit the needs of the current societal trends as well as tastes. Modern technology made it possible for new concepts in architecture to arise such as use of materials that treat the air around it, and conveniences such as with durable materials that remain lightweight yet sturdy. Advancements in modern technology have made it convenient to set into stone concepts that would not have been possible before. However, some of these concepts that up until recently had not been possible also allowed the creation of other architectural experiments that serve no true purpose than to prove its possibility, at the cost of practicality. 2. Why were historical styles popular in the 19th century? What did artists and architects hope to achieve by executing those styles in new materials? From the year 1800 until the end of the century in the coming of the year 1900, many architectural styles had grown in fame as well as practitioners, 19th century Victorian architecture in the land of Glasgow, Scotland, for example, is one of the more popular historical architectural styles of the century. It had reached its climax in popularity during 1817 – 1875 and was used to denote a grand sophistication about the structures at the time. It symbolized the boldness as well as the audacity and wealthiness of the people of Glasgow and even now, with the incorporation of the styles, it showcases the grandeur and bravura and pride within one’s self. 3. Baudelaire urged artists to paint the heroism of modern life. How do painters and sculptors address that challenge today? Why do artists still think its important to do? Charles Baudelaire’s concept of â€Å"The Heroism of Modern Life† was one he so boldly ventured forth in doing as presented in Salon of 1846. Nevertheless, there are still quite many artists who see it fit to tackle such sensitive matters in the way Charles Baudelaire did: blatantly painting a picture of despair and misery, all the time extending the factors of hope and mystery. This is deemed important by many artists of today especially in the trying, troubling times that beplague humanity today to show that no matter what adversity we may face, there will always be hope. 4. When photography was first invented, artists claimed it wasnt art because it was a mechanical process. What inventions are available to create visual images that people do not consider to be art? Why do artists still use them? The classification of photography by most visual art purists as a field unfitting of the term art stem from their perception of visual art as something that has to be rendered solely by the hands of the artist. As such they tend to discriminate against photography, wherein the images captured themselves may have long been around to have not been rendered or created by the photographer. However, the fact that photographers are   able to create visually appealing photographs are often the results of their development of various artistic talents; mastery of composition, knowledge of depths, and a keen eye for that which although seemingly mundane may be captured on film in such a way that exudes aesthetically pleasing qualities, hence should be considered art. In the same sense, these artistic purists also look down upon those who are able to create art through means that may be easily reproduced. Art trades such as the use of typography, mosaics, stencils, and the like are easily dismissed as not art or at least a lower form of it. What is often overlooked with these said fields – including photography – is that the conceptualization alone of these images is already an art in itself, let alone the execution and process of putting these said ideas into visual imagery. Thus artists continue to use these as they do not necessarily hamper ones artistry, but rather opens new opportunities to expand the possibilities of visual creation.

Evaluating The Role And Importance Of Entrepreneurship Commerce Essay

Evaluating The Role And Importance Of Entrepreneurship Commerce Essay Historically, entrepreneurship has been defined as different ways of resource allocation and optimization of organizational processes, always in a creative way in order to lower costs and improve results. Biased, is associated with the term of entrepreneurship to create new businesses, generally small and micro enterprises. Besides that entrepreneurship is linked to risk taking. In Druckers (1986), the entrepreneurial profile involves characteristics as: the search for change, the vision of opportunity, creativity, innovation and acceptance of risks and uncertainties related to business. The association between entrepreneurship and risk tolerance is usually routine. Generally, it is customary to assume that entrepreneurs are more risk tolerant. This was the purpose of analysis in this study, which study the association between level of entrepreneurship of an individual and their level of risk tolerance. This article explores the association between two variables, presented as the level of entrepreneurship of an individual, their level of risk tolerance and risk taking. Defining Entrepreneurship Characteristics or traits According to Drucker, P. (1986 pp. 131) argue that the definition of entrepreneurship in recent years see changes suffered by influences from areas as anthropology, sociology and business strategies to present their theories and assist the creation of new entrepreneurs. The idea and principle that the entrepreneurship process begins in institutions with social and cultural implications. The big question about entrepreneurship is linked in the risk that the entrepreneur runs to develop and implement a new business. There is a correlation in entrepreneurship and the theory of prospect, which deals with behaviour and relation to risk, it is the entrepreneur willing to take financial risk, strategic and operational levels to develop a new business. The issue of entrepreneurship in making decisions in relation to risk was the subject of research by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, whose results were known by researchers as Prospect Theory. The early study was due to the fact that entrepreneurs behave or have an average performance in accordance with the standard of the average return. The experiments have revealed patterns of behaviour determined by two major human shortcomings: the emotion that inhibits or restricts the self-control essential to the process of decision making, and cognitive difficulties that hinder the full understanding of the problem faced, particularly given the difficult to draw valid generalizations of samples available, which leads to the adoption of more subjective methods, known as degrees of belief. According to Schumpeter, J. (1987) agrees that every entrepreneur has a profile of innovative capacity and acceptance of risk, and also that not all outcomes are successful, and the entrepreneurial function has the responsibility of the relationships between the business and cultural factors that are present in organization. Entrepreneurial culture Burns, P. (2007) reports that since the beginning of the era of entrepreneurship was hoped that the cultural context had a substantial impact on the development of entrepreneurship. The tendency for entrepreneurship differs among societies, because that culture moderates the characteristics of entrepreneurs differ from place to place. As the understanding Burns, P (2007), human beings are not born an entrepreneur, he develops this trait in the environment they live and the environment, both the time and the place is a positive or negative influence of this trend. The entrepreneurial culture is based on the concentration of various forms of entrepreneurship, necessary for the determination of this culture. In the view of Kent, C. (1990), there are several initiatives and forms of entrepreneurship as the entrepreneurial profile, the entrepreneurial management, intrapreneurship, entrepreneurship collective, according to this author, there are entrepreneurial culture requires at least two of these forms. he entrepreneurial culture emphasizes the emergence of new opportunities, the means to capitalize on them and the creation of adequate infrastructure to take advantage of them. The strategy and planning are the foundations of entrepreneurial culture, to reduce uncertainties in the business opportunities, which is consistent with the attitude of the entrepreneur always calculate the risk of premeditated manner. In this sense, one can establish that Entrepreneurship Education is the process that aims at human development in the context of identifying and exploiting opportunities and their subsequent transformation into reality, thus contributing to the generation of financial values, social and cultural society in which the human being is. Through planning and developing strategies and risk measurement and goals. process of entrepreneurship Each entrepreneurial mission is different, some endeavour had success history and other did not. The entrepreneurship venture are the consequence that victory history in entrepreneur way. Nevertheless, the entrepreneurship process should be analyse an global way, since the provides a contents for analyse how entrepreneurship invents new ideas and new ways to provide opportunities and ventures. Furthermore, the procedure of entrepreneurship gives knowledge to mapping and to analyse the innovative actions. According to Wickham, P. ( 2006, pp. 223) affirms that the approach to the entrepreneurial procedure that will be described here is based on four interacting contingencies. The business person is responsible to bring these factors together to create innovation value. The four contingencies factors in the entrepreneurship process are, entrepreneur, opportunity, organisation and resources. Source: Wickham, P. (2006, pp.224): The entrepreneurial process: opportunity, resources and organisation. entrepreneur According to Wickham, P. ( 2006, pp. 209) success is based on the ventures ability to satisfy economic, social and developmental needs. In other words, the entrepreneurial success is consequence of set characteristics of personal skills, knowledge, perception and personality traits that lead to analyse and evaluate the entrepreneurial success. The entrepreneur is a business man who is responsible of entrepreneurial process, in other words, he is charge to manage and lead the organisation objectives. Entrepreneurs are not only those who have ideas, create new products or processes. They are also those who implement, lead teams and sell their ideas. It is difficult to find all these characteristics in one person. Therefore, the identification of each profile is the key, and teamwork can be critical to the success of entrepreneurs within an organization. For example, Steve Jobs is the co-founder of Apple, Pixars former owner and creator of the hottest gadgets of the last 10 years is not only a businessman, but it is undoubtedly one of the most visionary and courageous entrepreneurs who appeared in the business world in recent decades. Opportunity The opportunity is the gap in the market that should be occupied by competitors or suppliers. The opportunity aims the space on the sector or environment market that should be met by entrepreneurs. The main objective of entrepreneur is to scan and observe the available or potential opportunity in the market. The best scenario of achieve the opportunity is the innovation approach that the business man shows to the market. Organisation Searching to serve the innovation to the environment competitive the functions and activities of the employees should be coordinated, this is the propose of the company should deliver. The companies can be changed according the actions and strategies, like, their size, their structure, their research and development area, the core business and culture aspects. According to Wickham, P. (2006, pp 224) agrees that entrepreneurial companies are characterised by leadership, style, behaviour and spirit from their founder. This organisations may have unstructured hierarchy, rules or process, on the other hand this factor can be a strength in the learning process, innovation and development by being active to bring new ideas and approaches to organisation change. In addition, entrepreneurial companies are been set as a network of relationships between employees, suppliers and others stakeholders which are led by the entrepreneur. These relationship connections build a formal and mixed organisation. Some relations are classified by contracts, open markets, formal, informal and long term. In the network study, the company is defined by a nexus of relationships and the level can be complex. This relation provides to the organisations a good opportunity to analyse how they are positioned in the market. Resources The last term in the entrepreneurial process is the resources. This contingency aims to raise capital and resource that is capitalised in the company, such as investors who sponsor their capital, information, skills, know-how, experience and knowledge. This elements that lead to growth can be intangible property, like, consulting, brand, loyalty and customer goodwill can be lead to investment. The main objective of the entrepreneur is to raise capital and investment to the company and focus the investment to increase, build and develop the value proposition deliver to the customer. According to Burns, P. (2007, pp.117) commented that entrepreneurs typically identify opportunity, building and leading the company. Furthermore, entrepreneur attract and mange resources. The entrepreneurs must deliver responsibilities to the employees and the managers may take over the function to manage and bring resources. For example, the production department may take over the functions to attract resources and innovation to develop new products; the sales department may take over the responsibility to bring opportunities on the market. In the way, the entrepreneur becomes business facilitator, advisor and leader of the business. According to Wickham, P. (2006) agrees that there are three main resources avalible to the entrepreneur, such as financial resources, human resources and operating resources. FINANCIAL RESOURCES The financial resource is the source that the entrepreneur raises capital to invest the company. Money is the most common form of the financial resource and can be used to buy other resources. Financial resources are the source for the entrepreneur to invest more money in the organization. The entrepreneur must find a balance between financial gain and also the companys performance and flexibility of resource use. The financial resources that the entrepreneur has access varies according to sector, scenario and strategy also adopted by the organization. HUMAN RESOURCES Human resources are critical success factors in a entrepreneurship venture. They can bring innovation, experience and make up the company. Furthermore, the human resources can provide advantage competitive to the organisation. The employees who make up in the venture offer their labour towards the entrepreneur. OPERATING RESOURCES Operating resources are the materials which contribute and are used by the organisation to deliver and offer outputs to the business environment. The main function of operational resources aims the capacity of the organisation deliver its innovation to the market. Risk and taking decisions According to Knight F. (2002), affirms that uncertainty occurs when the investors are not able to analyse and measure the possibilities and probabilities of different results. The same author agrees that risk is a consequence of the free and conscious decision to expose himself to a situation in which the struggle for the realization of the good with the possibility of injury or loss. According to Knight, F. (2002) states that the prospect of failure and taken as the meaning of risk. And that risk is present in any entrepreneurial process, besides being an inherent situation of decision-making. Furthermore, the risk can be controlled and measured, unlike other elements, such as external factors, environmental and political. The same author defines distinction between risk (when the probability of a result can be given calculated [or is known]) and uncertainty (when the probability Ccan not be determined [or unknown]). This thesis made the insurance industry attractive, and entrepreneurship, in Knights words, tragic. According to Knight, F. (2002) says that every organization faces risk, regardless of size, industry, parents and strategy. And that is not calculated risks may cause loss of investment opportunity, loss of brand image, prejudice and even financial risk of its existence. Analyse and understand the risks that the company may face and essential for growth and development objectives and strategy, moreover, the risk monitoring helps protect your investment. There are four types of business risk, are strategic risk, operational, financial and transfer. Strategic Risk Strategic risk and the most complex type of risk that an organization can face. Strategic risks can be controlled and directed according to the market, competitors, external changes and launch new innovative products that can change the configuration of market competition. Organizations also face strategic risks when considering performance challenges that are outside its control, such as climatic variables, the other environmental factors that provide benefit to the competition. Companies that succeed in having the best ratings and control of strategic risks can identify the greatest threats to their business and financial objectives and therefore assess and identify possible solutions. Operational Risk Operational risks are also important for the performance of the company as it affects the performance and operation of the company. Operational risk can be considered as the risk of loss of processes, people, systems or errors that hurt the performance of the organization. Operational risks as is the case of failures in IT systems, equipment, supply outages and fraudulent behaviour, may have a strong impact on business continuity. The evaluation of operational risk assessment beyond the operational errors, fraud and probability not meet any companys contract. An example of risk-taking operating a new business, customers are increasingly sensitive to quality service delivery. Thus, the entrepreneurship should consider operational risk to maintain service delivery. Financial Risk The financial risk and the risk that consumers do not understand liquidity necessary to meet the expenses and liabilities of the company. Financial risk means the risk of a possible future change in one or more interest rates, prices of financial instruments, commodity prices, exchange rates, indices of prices or rates, credit rating or credit index or other variable, provided that in the case of a non-financial variable, the variable is not specific to one part of the contract. Transfer Risk Risk transfer involves the use of an entity that accepts bear the risks. Risk transfer involves the use of an entity that accepts responsibility for supporting economic damage from a hazard. in exchange for a premium. The insurance came from the need of economic security through a transfer position for someone else, the risks that could affect the assets of individuals, families or a particular community. In a new enterprise making process of risk can lead to transfer of risk by the entrepreneur if the entrepreneur seeks to dilute the risks of the investment, but the transfer of risk generates an additional cost in developing the business. Such as the entrepreneur uses a purchasing insurance coverage or issuing debt. Decisions under certainly The decisions under certainty, occurs when the actual result is always the expected result, for example an entrepreneur seeking an investment that has high chances of success. In this scenario the developer simply chooses the action that will give higher returns and profitability, and the return will be definitely achieved. Within the business world, the decisions under certainty are rare, because currently no investor takes a decision with certainty that it will be successful, there will always be some uncertainty and risk. Decisions under uncertanily Knight F. (2002) argues that uncertainty should be taken as radically distinct from the familiar notion of risk, which have never been properly separated. The term risk is related to a quantity susceptible of measurement, the risk appears as measurable uncertainty, which is different from something not measurable, a fact of uncertainty. The definition of uncertainty used here is not derived from ergot perspective of the world presented by Knight and Keynes at the beginning of last century and is understood as a perceptual phenomenon described as the individual and the perceived ability to predict the occurrence of future events from the study of past events. Decisions under uncertainty, in fact despite the use of the word risk in risk decisions are rare in organizational settings. Why, for instance an entrepreneur can know what may happen, but it can hardly know what may happen in a competitive environment such as the launch of a product or a competitors new strategy. The decisions under uncertainty should seek to maximize returns and reduce risks and losses. Decisions under risk According to Knight, F. (2002) states that every action may involve a series of possible outcomes, each of which may occur as a known probability. In other words, the decision under risk occur on facts that are known but not known whether that will happen. The only thing you can know about the decision under risk and probability of occurrence of the event, and the risk is present only if this probability and known. As an example, the launch of a product can have according to the probability 50% market share in a year. The decision for the entrepreneur will be in or not to launch the product in accordance with the probability study. decisions under ambiguity Decisions on an ambiguous action can be assessed by the manager of consequences that will have if a product is launched. That his trial by the entrepreneur will be made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹according to the knowledge market and how the competitors and the market were in the past. The decision on this ambiguity between decisions of uncertainty and risk, because there is no chance to learn the result set. decisions under ignorance The decisions under ignorance represent the opposite of decisions under certainty because there is no information about the consequences of the decision, there are odds and also know what can happen. Are decision situations where we can not calculate the probability for different reasons, or where it makes sense to use probabilities. Conclusion During the process of entrepreneurship, the entrepreneur must deal with the business opportunity, with financial sources, operational and human, in addition to the organization seeking a leadership influence. Besides promoting a culture and an innovative and entrepreneurial goals according tracings. The entrepreneurial culture influences and provides a very distinguished contribution in enterprises, companies and groups that cultivate it, since it is a promoter of innovation, making their players better able to compete in a fast-changing and continuous. In addition, the risk-taking is therefore present in the process of entrepreneurship, because every decision to invest and seek new things requires risk taking. For the entrepreneur there are financial risks, transfer of operational and strategic, and the entrepreneur must be aware of and awareness about the consequences and risks of each goals. Decisions are based on previous knowledge of market and competitors, such decisions aimed at seeking further results and development issues for the company. The entrepreneur can make decision about risk, certainty, uncertainty and ambiguity and ignorance. Besides the main factor in the process of entrepreneurship and risk-taking and decisions within the process of developing the business.