The Nature Approach :: essays research papers

The Nature ApproachThere are two ways in which sociologists study human behavior. The Nature advance and the Nurture approach. The Nature approach has many claims. One is the whole universe is deterministic and follows unavoidable sequences of cause, leading to effect. What this generally means is that all the events in the humankind that occur are pre-determined. By what you ask? Nature (laws of physics, for example). Another claim of the Nature Approach is that man is like a puppet on set up of nature. If one wants to control man, all one has to do is find the strings. This can only be done if it is for the well being of man. Anything that man is driven to do is because of mechanics of nature there is simply no such thing as free will. Above all, even human thought is caused and is mere epiphenomenon, which is a secondary and inconsequential effect of a main event. Any thought in which man has, are not their own thoughts, but just a part of nature.On the opposite end of the spe ctrum, there is the Nurture approach. For centuries, conventional wisdom has held that parental nurturing will definitively shape a humans personality and behavior. According to believers of the Nurture approach, its the assumption that what makes human beings turn out the way they do, aside from their genes, the environmental part of human development, is the experiences they have in society, and in event the experiences they have with the people they encounter.The origins of the nurture approach are stemmed from the studies of Copernicus and Galileo. Galileo was an Italian astronomer, natural philosopher, and one of the central architects of modern science. In his Two Chief existence Systems, he set forth the idea that the sun was the center of the universe, rather than the earth. Forced to recant and forbidden to teach or talk about his views, Galileo is state to have muttered in the stillness of his room, Still it turns in reference to the rotation of the earth around the sun . Galileo decentered the earth and by extension all theology which holds that the earth and creatures upon it were a special act of creation.Now, lets say we were examining an experiment performed on a set of identical twins. Twins are born with the same genetic makeup, which has been shaped by this world.

Acid Rain and Its Effects on the Biosphere :: Geology

tart Rain and Its Effects on the Biosphere Introduction Acid Rain whenever I conjure up images of acid pelting I always allude to huge, boiling-red raindrops falling from mean purple clouds on a running destined for destruction. I can see them spiraling down uncontrollably in fireballs of rage to the earth it becomes very app arent. Perhaps my imagination has gotten the better of me here, exclusively acid rain is definitely no sweetheart. Actually, acid rain looks give care any other rain. Believe it or not, it does not have flaming tales on the end of it, but it can produce some serious risks to the world as we know it. These are pH testers. Formed high in the clouds where atomic number 16 dioxide and nitrogen oxides combine with oxygen and water, acid rain has a devastating ability to kill off aquatic systems, vegetation, animals, etc. The definition of acid rain is the deposition of acidic components in rain, fog, snow, and sleet. Regular rain has a pH that is slightly acidic at 5.6, but what makes one worry are the places like Washington, D.C., which possesses rain readings of 4.2 to 4.4 on the pH scale. Acid rain is mainly composed of Sulfuric Oxide (SO2) and Nitrous Oxide, which are common air pollutants from big industries, 70% of which are electric utility plants. If one views the amount pH levels of various areas around the nation it is easy to see that thither is a problem, especially when a 4.0 pH level can drive many fish to die. Certainly acid rain has a great deal of negative effects on the geosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. scarcely maybe the most important system for us to observe as scientist is the biosphere. The biosphere with out a doubt is the most visible of the systems on our planet. The reason it is so easy to monitor is because it is all around us. We see trees and their growth, animals running around, and fields of grass with cows grazing. We are the biosphere and therefore we can and will see the changes. If t here is something wrong and we dont have a pH scale to measure, we will sense it through the living environment around us. Trees and Vegetation whizz of the most serious effects of acid rain can be traced to trees and the soil they grow from.

Free Grapes of Wrath Essays: The Joads Journey :: Grapes Wrath essays

The Joads Journey in The Grapes of Wrath  Throughout history man has made many journeys, both far and wide. Moses enceinte march through the Red Sea and Columbuss traversing the Atlantic are examples of only a couple of mens great voyages. Even today, great journeys are being made. Terry Foxs run across Canada while fighting cancer is one of these such journeys. In every one of these instances people have had to derail above themselves and overcome immense odds, similar to a salmon swimming upstream to full fill its life line. Intense drive and extreme fortitude are qualities they needed to posses during their travels. In The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck illustrates the Joads endurance by his use of extended metaphors in intercalary chapters. Steinbeck uses intercalary chapters to provide background for the various themes in the novel. He effectively foreshadows upcoming events by telling of the general state of the local population in the intercalary chapters. He then narrow s it down to how it do the main characters of the novel, which are the Joads. Setting the tone of the novel in the readers mind is another function of Steinbecks intercalary chapters. In chapter three, Steinbeck immaculately describes the long, boring journey of a land turtle across a desolate highway. From the onset of his journey, the turtle encounters many setbacks. Along the way ants, hills, and oak seeds hinder him low his shell. The turtles determination to reach his destination is most apparent when a truck driven by a young man swerves to take up the turtle. The turtles shell is clipped and he goes flying off the highway, but the turtle does not stop. He struggles back to his belly and makes driving toward his goal, just as the Joads keep driving toward their goal. Much like the turtle from chapter three, the Joads had to face many great hardships in their travels. The planes of Oklahoma, with their harsh summer weather, were the Joads desolated highways. The truck dr iver represented the Californians, who Buried nutrition and killed livestock to keep the Joads and others like them away from their dream. And their ants and hills were sickness. Even through all of this, the Joads persevered. They were driven by two great motivating powers, poverty and hunger. Just as the turtle searched for food, the Joads were searching for paradise, The Garden of Eden.

Peter Brook Essay -- essays research papers fc

It is noned in many books that near the start of his career, Peter Brook was attracted to both plays and techniques that expressed human contradiction. He often wondered, though, whether there were any modern playwrights who could possibly equal the richness and labyrinthianity of Shakespearean verse, and often complained about the improbability of ever finding material to work on or to produce as stimulating as that of Shakespeare. When, in 1964, Brook received a play entitled The Persecution and Assassination of Marat as Performed by the Inmates of the foundation of Charenton under the Direction of the Marquis de Sade (Marat/Sade), by German playwright Peter Weiss, it is also noted that Brook felt he had finally encountered the dispute of Shakespearean field of battle he was looking for. Not only was Marat/Sade an incredibly well written and unique approach to theater as a whole, its incorporation of music and movement, song and montage, and naturalism and surrealism within the text created the perfect passage, for Brook, from his commercial past to his experimental present, as well as a substance for both the playwright and the director to deal with the concept of theater as therapy a rather ironic, yet at the same time clever, idea sightedness as how the play itself is conducted within the confines of an asylum, with the inmates themselves as the stars. One of the most complex aspects of presenting Marat/Sade was its large and eclectic cast of characters and also its incorporation of a play within a play. On stage, these points were, looking at the opinions of a majority of both the audiences and the critics, presented successfully by Brook and the cast he worked with. From the prison guards who loomed in the background, clothed in butcher aprons and armed with clubs, to the half-naked Marat, slouched in a tub and covered in wet rags, forever scratching and writing, to the small root of singers, dressed and painted up as clowns, to the narcolepti c but murderous Charlotte Corday, Weiss and Brook offered a stage production that both engaged and amazed the audience, trance at the same time forced them to question their role as the audience no better exemplified than at the very end of the play, where the inmates, standing menacingly at the edge of the stage, actually begin to applaud the very people who applaud their performance, aggravating and confusing some, but forcing most t... ...m, though they are quite an safe behind a large facade of iron bars. This technique corresponds to the menacing way that the characters address the camera throughout the performance, and creates the necessary feeling, for the viewers, that no much(prenominal) barrier is available to protect them as they are drawn in uncomfortably closer to the inmates by Brooks camerawork. We begin to question whether or not the soliloquies, spoken directly into the camera instead of to the protected aristocrats who originally played our part of the audienc e, are still merely just a theater convention, or if the insanity of the performers is used as a catalyst for we, ourselves, to feel threatened directly by what is spoken. We also begin to question whether or not the inmate is even looking at the camera to address the audience, or is simply insane, and addressing the air around them, adding yet another layer to such complex characters. Creating such questions within the audiences mind also seems to create, for most, the aura of discomfort and skepticism that Brook was aiming to achieve, and reached quite successfully. Bibliography Lunatics, Lovers, and Poets by Margaret Croyden

Capital Punishment Essays †An Eye for an Eye -- Argumentative Persuas

Capital Punishment Essays An Eye for an Eye       Life is a precious gift from God.  Even when a person has no sensiblepossessions,  life is still possessed.  In light of these observations itis logical to assume that murder, the taking of anothers life,  is themost heinous of crimes.  Undeniably, penalties imposed upon criminalsshould match the crimes committed.  Therefore, the conquer crime possible,murder,  should  receive the worst penalty possible, cobblers last.      One argument against the death penalty is the Bible tells us not tomurder.  Murder is the unlawful killing of one human being by another.The death penalty is the lawful killing of a human being after a trial bypeers.  So by definition the death penalty is not murder, but justice.Furthermore, as stated by Ed Koch, a former US Government official, theexecution of a lawfully condemned slayer is no more an act of murder  thani s legal imprisonment an act of kidnaping. Finally, the sam...

Abortion Kills Unwanted Welfare Children :: abortion argumentative persuasive argument

Abortion Kills Unwanted Welf ar Children   Abortion is one of the most controversial growths around, and is an issue that will never be agreed upon.  By bringing morals into the question of whether it should be legal to have abortions, this issue has been elevated to a higher(prenominal) level.  By some people, it is no longer looked at as a question of choice but as a question of morality, and these concepts have take to a full-blown debate over something that really should not be questioned.         E genuinely women in America has the right to decide what to do with their bodies.  No brass or group of people should feel that they have the right to dictate to a person what path their lives should take.  People who say that they are pro-life are in effect no more than anti-choice.  These pro-lifers want to put the life and future of a women into the hands of the disposal. Abortion, and the choice a women may make,  is a very private thing and should not be open to debate.  The question of morality should not even come into play when call foring abortion, because in this case the question is not of morality but of choice and constitutionality.         The ninth amendment states The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.  This in turn, is guaranteeing a women the right to have an abortion.  Pro-choice people say that abortion is the killing of a child, but pro-choice people do not consider the fetus a child.   A philosopher, Mary Anne Warren, proposed that consciousness, reasoning, self-motivated activity, and self awareness are factors that determine person-hood.         But, a misconception that held is that people who are pro-choice are actually pro-abortion.  legion(predicate) people that support the right of a women to d ecide what to do with her own body may be personally against abortions.  But, that does not mean that they think the government should be able to pass laws governing what females do with their bodies.  Pro-choice people simply believe that it is the right of a women to assess her situation and decide if a baby would be either beneficial or deleterious to her present life.

Caste Discrimination Essay

circle outlines are a machinate of affable and economic governance that is ground on principles and customary rules Caste systems involve the division of multitude into loving groups ( sets) where assignments of rights arede terminalined by birth, are fixed and hereditary.The assignment of basic rights among various castes is both unequal and hierarchical, with those at the top enjoying most rights coupled with least duties and those at the bottom performing most duties coupled with no rights.The system is maintained finished the rigid enforcement of fond ostracism (a system of social and economic penalties) in case of every deviations. Inequality is at the core of the caste system.Those who f both outside the caste system are considered lesser human universes, impure and thus polluting to opposite caste groups. They are known to be untouchable and subjected to so-called untouchability be collects in both domain and private spheres. Untouchables are often forcibly assign ed the most dirty, menial and hazardous jobs, such as cleaning human waste. The work they do adds to the stigmatisation they face from the surrounding society. The exclusion of caste-affected communities by otherwise groups in society and the inherent structural inequality in these social relationships lead to high levels of pauperisation among affected population groups and exclusion from, or reduced benefits from development processes, and generally precludes their involvement in decision making and meaningful participation in universe and civil life.The division of a society into castes is a global phenomenon not exclusively practised within any particular religion or precept system. In South Asia, caste discrimination is traditionally rooted in the Hindu caste system. Supported by philosophical elements, the caste system constructs the moral, social and legal foundations of Hindu society. Dalits are outcastes or people who fall outside the four-fold caste system consisting o f theBrahmin, Kshatriya, Vysya and Sudra. Dalits are to a fault referred to as Panchamas or people of the twenty percent order. However caste systems and the ensuing caste discrimination have spread into Christian, Buddhist, Muslim and Sikh communities.Caste systemsare also found in Africa, other parts of Asia, the Middle East, the Pacific and in Diaspora communities around the world. In Japan association is made with Shinto beliefs concerning purity and impurity, and in marginalized African groups the justification is based on myths. Caste discrimination affects approximately 260 million people worldwide, the vast majority living in South Asia. Caste discrimination involves massive violations of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. It is often outlawed in countries affected by it, but a lack of implementation of legislation and caste-bias within the justice systems largely see Dalits without protection. Videos Cases of Caste DiscriminationClick here to see a P lay run from IDSNs YouTube Channel with a selection of videos dealing with cases of caste discrimination and the consequences of this. Understanding UntouchabilityA comprehensive Study of practices and conditions in 1589 Villages Caste-based discrimination is the most complex human rights issue facing India today. To date, the tools used to assess its status have been divided by disciplinehuman rights, legal and social science. Although significant contributions toward fellow feeling untouchability have been made in each of these areas, it is difficult to comprehend the backdrop and pervasiveness of the problem without cartel the tools of all three. We have spent the last four years compiling quantitative, comprehensive and reliable info exposing the current state of untouchability (caste-based discrimination) against Dalitsi (untouchables) in Gujarat, India.This report presents data on untouchability practices in 1,589 villages from 5,462 respondents in Gujarat on the issue of untouchability. In 2000, Martin Macwan of Navsarjan received the Robert F. Kennedy human Rights Award, initiating a long-term partnership between Navsarjan and the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice & Human Rights. In response to Navsarjans identified need for an extensive study on caste discrimination, constituents of the RFK Global Advocacy Team from the University of Maryland/Kroc Institute at the University of nore Dame, and Dartmouth College/University of Michigan joined the team. The objective was to contribute to a more(prenominal) comprehensive understanding of the topic in order to better drive Navsarjans protagonism and intervention work. In its efforts across Gujarat and India, Navsarjan has experienced first-hand that a deeperunderstanding gained by intensive data collection leads to the development of more effective strategies to address the keep practice of untouchability.Indeed, interactions with individuals across age, caste, gender and social sectors during t he implementation of this study reveal that the potential for ending untouchability may exist within two large groups of people that can be seen as sources of hope. First, a large segment of Indian society, primarily of younger generation Indians, though largely ignorant about its scope and practice, appears ready and willing to learn about untouchability and work towards its true abolition. Second, another group of people across caste, disciplineity and religious affiliations have become deeply interested about the prevalence of untouchability practices viewed from the perspective of human rights. This group of activists, advocates, donors, lawyers, students, academics, politicians and ordinary citizens has developed an awareness of untouchability as an issue of civil and human rights law.The report presents both a general and multi-disciplinary view of current untouchability practices across rural areas in Gujarat (bringing together political science, sociology, law, public polic y and community organizing) and appropriates evidence to refute the belief that untouchability is exceptional to remote and economically underdeveloped corners of India. The wide of the mark picture of untouchability can be used to educate Indian society about these practices and to initiate an informed national and international debate on how to address the problem.Equally important, this report presents a picture of untouchability that promotes global visibility on the continued human rights violations suffered by Dalits and provides an moral to other countries on methods for identifying, understanding and eliminating discriminatory activity. We believe that a systematic approach to understanding untouchability shatters the myth that the problem is intractable. Instead, we hope that the data presented here and the understanding it generates will spark new energy and commitment to the movement to end the injustice and indignity of untouchability. (to view the full report hit th e link below)Caste-based discrimination is a form of discrimination proscribe byinternational human rights law. Although it may not be equated with racism, it is quite clear from several(prenominal) names made by several UN treaty and charter-bodies that this issue warrants due recognition as an example of gross human rights violation that needs to be taken into affection by all human rights mechanisms available in the UN system. ICERD definintions and CERD practice on job-based discrimination The seam limb of the definition of racial discrimination Article 1(1) of ICERD defines racial discrimination as follows Any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on consort, colour, descent, national or ethnic line of work which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, amusement or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life (emphasis added)The term descent as a prohibited ground of discrimination springs unheralded and unexplained into the basic framework of ICERD. It is one of only two terms in this list that isnt borrowed directly from the UDHR formulation (the other being ethnic origin, in lieu of social origin). It does not appear in any of the key pre-ICERD texts on racial discrimination. It is also noteworthy that, although included in the definition in article 1(1), the term descent was omitted from the list of prohibited curtilage of discrimination in article 5 of ICERD. CERD General Recommendation No. 29 on descentCERD has confirmed its edition of descent, in the form of its General Recommendation No. 29 on descent-based discrimination, adopted on 22 August 2002. This General Recommendation Confirms the consistent view of the de aimation that the term descent in Article 1, paragraph 1 of the conventionalism does not solely refer to race and has a meaning and application which complements the other prohibited grounds of discrimination and Reaffirms that discrimination based on descent includes discrimination against members of communities based on forms of social stratification such as caste and analogous systems of inherited status which nullify or impair their equal enjoyment of human rights. From this review of CERDs practice, it is apparent that the Committee has consciously and systematically adopted an interpretation of the descent limb of article 1 of ICERD that encompasses situations of caste-based discrimination and analogous forms ofinherited social exclusion. Read CERD General Recommendation No. 29 on descentCERD General Recommendation No. 32 on special measuresThis CERD General Recommendation on the meaning and scope of special measures in the ICERD, adopted at its 75th session in August 2009, affirms General Recommendation 29 on Article 1, paragraph 1, of the Convention (Descent), which makes specific reference to special measures. The Committee also states that special measures should be carried out on the basis of accurate data, disaggregated by race, colour, descent and ethnic or national origin and incorporating a gender perspective, on the socio-economic and cultural status and conditions of the various groups in the population and their participation in the social and economic development of the country.Subsequent CERD practiceAny subsequent practice in the application of the treaty which establishes the agreement of the parties regarding its interpretation may also, in such circumstances, be taken into account. In the prevail of reviewing state party reports, CERD has expressed explicit reliance on the descent limb of article 1 in order to address the situation of Dalits in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the UK, as well as the analogous situations of the Burakumin in Japan. CERD has also addressed situation of descent-based discrimination in a number of other instances, even though in some of these additional cases the reliance upon the descent limb of the article 1 of the Convention has been implicit.Concluding observations have been made by the Committee in respect of Yemen, Nigeria, Chad, Mali, Senegal, Madagascar, Mauritania, Burkina Faso, and Mauritius. Conflicts in Somalia had also been viewed by CERD as being based on descent, thus bringing them within the purview of ICERD. As CERD expert member Patrick Thornberry has argued, whatever the argument on the relation between the specific reference to race in Article 1 and the caste issue, there is a insinuation here that in the context of the Convention as a whole, and in particular in the context of special measures, the redress of caste disabilities finds a place. solution by affected countriesIn early August 1996, CERD considered Indias consolidated tenth to fourteenth periodic reports. In this context, India sought to establish that discrimination think to caste did not fall within the scope of ICERD or within the jurisdiction of the Committee. T he term caste, the Indian report declared, denotes a social and line distinction and is not based on race.The report expressly acknowledges that Article 1 of the Convention includes in the definition of racial discrimination the term descent, and that oth castes and tribes are systems based on descent. However, the Indian position concerning the interpretation of this term was that the use of the term descent in the Convention clearly refers to race.Communities which fall under the definition of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are unique to Indian society and its historical process. it is, therefore, submitted that the policies of the Indian Government relating to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes do not come under the purview of Article 1 of the Convention. In the course of discussion of the report in the Committee, the Indian delegation said that Indias report had focused on matters relating to race as distinct from other categorizations referred to in the Constitutio n. Constitutionally, the concept of race was distinct from caste. To confer a racial face on the caste system would create considerable political problems which could not be the Committees intention. In the spirit of dialogue, however, India was prepared to provide more information on matters other than race, without prejudice to its understanding of the term race in the Convention. A number of CERD members challenged the Indian Governments interpretation of the term descent, and in its concluding observations CERD insisted that the term descent mentioned in article 1 of the Convention does not solely refer to race. Moreover, the Committee affirm that the situation of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes falls within the scope of the Convention, and went on to specifically recommend that special measures be taken by the political science to prevent acts of discrimination towards persons belonging to the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, and, in cases where such acts hav e been committed, to conduct thorough investigations, to punish those found to be responsible and to provide just and adequate reparation to the victims.The Committee specifically stressed the importance of the equal enjoyment by members of these groups of the rights to access healthcare, education, work and public places and services, including wells, cafs or restaurants. CERD also recommended a public education campaign on human rights, aimed at eliminating the institutionalized thinking of the high-caste and low-caste mentality. Nepal has also appears to have acquiesced to CERDs interpretation and practice in this regard. CERD has now taken up the issue of caste-based discrimination in Nepal on three successive occasions without demur from the Nepalese Government.Indeed, Nepal has volunteered stiff amounts of information concerning caste-based discrimination in its periodic reports. When Pakistan was examined by CERD in February 2009, the Government took a principled decision by engaging constructively in a dialogue with the Committee on how to tackle the challenges faced by the Government in addressing the issue of caste-based discrimination in contemporary Pakistan. CESCR General Comment No. 20 on non-discriminationGeneral Comment No. 20 on Non-Discrimination in Economic, favorable and Cultural Rights was adopted by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) at its 42nd session in May 2009. In this General Comment, the Committee reaffirms CERD GR No. 29 that the prohibited ground of birth also includes descent, especially on the basis of caste and analogous systems of inherited status. The Committee recommends States parties to take steps, for instance, to prevent, prohibit and eliminate discriminatory practices directed against members of descent-based communities and act against dissemination of ideas of favorable position and inferiority on the basis of descent. Caste in the Universal Declaration on Human RightsIn none of the h uman rights instruments does the term caste appear. Nevertheless, an mental test of the travaux preparatoires of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights shows that caste was explicitly contemplated by the outlineers as being encompassed in some of the more general terminology in the UDHRs foundational non-discrimination provision. In 1948, the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly was in debate over the inclusion of the word birth in the list of prohibited grounds of distinction in what was to become article 2 of the Declaration. Mr Habib, representing India, said that he favoured the use of the word caste rather than birth, as the last mentionedwas already implied in the article. Mrs Roosevelt for the United States of America, and a member of the informal drafting group, demurred to both this intervention. In her opinion, the words property or other status took into consideration the various new suggestions that had been made.Mr Appadorai of the Indian delegation in effec t accepted the US and Chinese caste-inclusive interpretations of some of the more general language in the draft article. He said his delegation had only proposed the word caste because it objected to the word birth. The words other status and social origin were sufficiently broad to cover the whole field the delegation of India would not, therefore, insist on its proposal. It is apparent therefore that caste was acknowledged in the drafting process as being encompassed in the terms other status and/or social origin, if not also in birth (the specific grounds of the Indian objection to this term not being entirely clear from the travaux). To that extent, a special meaning may be regarded as having been attributed to those terms.As well as coming into court in the non-discrimination provisions of most subsequent international human rights instruments, the terms social origin and/or other status (either or both of them) have been incorporated in the non-discrimination provisions of th e significant number of national constitutions that have borrowed these formulations from the UDHR. At the same time, it is noteworthy that a number of national constitutions have put the matter beyond question so far as their domestic legal regimes are concerned by explicitly referring to caste in their non-discrimination provisions. This applies to the constitutions of India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Burkina Faso.Caste discriminationMore than 165 million people in India continue to be subject to discrimination, exploitation and violence simply because of their caste. In Indias secret apartheid, untouchability relegates Dalits throughout the country to a lifetime of segregation and abuse. Caste-based divisions continue to dominate in housing, marriage, employment and general social interactiondivisions that are reinforced through economic boycotts and physical violence. Working in partnership with the external DalitSolidarity Network, Indias National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights, and the Gujarat-based Dalit grassroots organizationNavsarjan, IHRC works to hold the Indian government accountable for its systematic failure to respect, protect, and ensure Dalits fundamental human rights.In 2007, for instance, the IHRC issued a series of statements and a report based on its compendium of Indias failure to uphold its international legal obligations to ensure Dalit rights, despite the existence of laws and policies against caste discrimination. The report Hidden Apartheidwhich was produced in collaboration with Human Rights havewas released as a shadow report in response to Indias submission to the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, which monitors implementation of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. IHRC also participated in proceedings related to the Committees review of Indias compliance with the Convention and presented the reports findings.

Globalization and Culture Change Essay

From a socio heathenish anthropological perspective, by investigating how knowl touch base(a)ization affects different separate of the humankind we can build a better understanding of how spheric structures affect social and cultural practices. Globalization is the worldwide interdependence of economic and cultural activities through the inter depart of worldviews, goods, beliefs, and other aspects of culture (Lalonde slide 22/01/13). To facilitate interdependence, globalisation uses new technology, innovation, tourism, international trade, and the media to build and maintain a dominant global culture (Lalonde slide 22/01/13). In recent years, the process of globalization has hastened the destruction of small egalitarian cultures (Larkin and Robbins 2007). Using information conducted from three ethnographies, this paper discusses how globalization has impacted the culture of traditional societies. To narrow the focus, it pull up stakes examine how globalization and the related process of newization has contributed to culture change and will discuss from each iodine ethnographys involvement within the World Systems Theory.The progress of nightclub is introduced by the idea that human history is the story of a steady come up from life dependent on whims of nature to a life of encounter and domination everywhere natural forces (Larkin and Robbins 200743). This notion of culture change assumes that technological emanation is the driving force of progress, and that traditional societies should become modernized because it is in their best interest to align with technological, economic, and sociocultural systems of western industrial nations (Lalonde slide 15/01/13). modernization is characterized by industrialization, consolidation of the nation-state, bureaucratization, market economy, technological innovation, literacy, consumerism, vertical mobility, and an open class system (Lalonde slide 15/01/13). These processes help amplify globalization and support the confidence that economic trade is the source of all well being (Larkin and Robbins 200760).Traditional societies are pressured to become modern under the presumption that economic growth and integration will help solve national and global ecological/social problems, and foreign assistance to under authentic countries will create a better mensuration of living by helping them participate in global trade (Larkin and Robbins 2007). The belief that the social, political, and cultural, systems of western confederacy should dictate how traditional societies should develop is a in truth egocentric view. What supporters of globalization fail torecognize is that by supporting the modernization of small-scale civilizations we may be eliminating societies whose systems of meaning hold solutions to compelling current world problems, such as environmental destruction, inter-group and intra-group conflict, poverty, and sickness (Robbins and Larkin 200772).The World Systems Theory, demonstrable by Immanuel Wallerstein, addresses culture change in recounting to power (Lalonde slide 15/01/13). poor distribution of wealth and resources along with the capitalist mode of production contribute to the functionality of this speculation. The world system divides the world into core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries. The core countries are highly developed and use technology to increase capital development. In contrast, the periphery countries are least developed and are exploited by the core for their cheap apprehend and material. Semi-periphery countries lie between the core and periphery and are both exploited and engage in exploitation. The World Systems Theory relies on the commodification of goods, labor, nature, and human relations in the market for exchange value (Lalonde slide 15/01/13).Current neo-liberal economic policies that promote individualism, competition, and consumerism within a free-market have highly contributed to the acceptance of un likeness and unlikeness globally enhancing the effects of the World Systems. The application of this theory will be discussed further later in the paper. In an ethnography of the Beng people, who reside in the resolution of Asagbe, in Cte dIvoire, West Africa, American anthropologists Alma Gottlieb and Philip graham recount their cultural engagement and reflect that their presence in the village might actually be triggering a young mans return to mental illness (201138). Alma and Philip use an ethnographic approach to study the Beng culture, which includes musician observation, interviews, and the use of a key cultural consultant, Amenan. The ethnography written by Alma and Philip illustrates how modernization has had a negative impact on the Beng culture causing some men to refuse their cultural identity. Matatu, identifies himself in French as the prime minister of Cte dIvoire, and refuses to speak the Beng language (Gottlieb and Graham 201138).Although unintentionally, the a nthropologists contribute to the intuition that the Beng lifestyle is slight desirable than a modern lifestyle by arriving in Asagbe with cameras, typewriters, audio recorders and a vehicle. The goods show their familys privilege andpushed in Matatus face how poor he is and will always be (Gottlieb and Graham 201138). Contrasting the modernization of America with the underdevelopment of Asagbe, introduction of technology lead to a rejection of cultural identity, negatively altering the Beng perception of daily life. World systems theory can be applied to describe the culture change of the Beng men in relation to power. The anthropologists describe that the change of behavior Matatu and other Beng men displayed was a way to create imagined power rather than face the near certainty of life long poverty(Gottlieb and Graham 201151).When Matatu hypothetically condemns people to death he is symbolically representing and compensating for the domination of the core countries over the peri phery in the World Systems (Gottlieb and Graham 201148). Matatu recognizes that exploitation of his country will continue to enable the core countries to remain in dominant power. The Beng societys placement in the World System makes it is clear that systematic inequality and injustice due to unequal distribution of wealth and resources have negatively affected their daily lives by enabling them from achieving all basic human rights and needs. The ethnography conducted by anthropologist Liza Dalby, takes place on a rural island community in japans Inland Sea. The ethnographic methods used include participant observation, interviews using a tape recorder, and questionnaires.Through Lizas ethnography, globalization and the related process of modernization negatively affect the Japanese island community by causing the erosion of historical family member roles forever changing traditional family kinetics. Liza explains eldest sons in small Japanese rural communities like this one are h istorically the inheritors of the family fields.(2011182). Because modernization implies urbanization, to younger Japanese citizens the option of going to vocational school, or even college, and getting a white-collar job in a city was looking more attractive than staying on the farm (Dalby 2011182). The view that modernity is preferable to traditional culture is emphasized in the quote, the modern young island girls who where bored to tears by it all couldnt wait to hop on a boat to the nearby cities on Shikoku (Dalby 2011183). modernisation of Japans urban centers, including access to new technology such as boats, dominant education systems, and white-collar jobs negatively affected the rural island community by causing the loss of group identity,cultural heritage and diversity, and provides a system for further colonization and promotion a western model of the self.The world systems theory can be applied to explain the power relations between Japan and America. As a member of the core category in the world System, Japan is perceived as having advanced technology and complex products (Lalonde lecture 22/01/13). What is not always considered is that underdeveloped societies can exist within developed societies, and when governments assume that all markets in the country value the dominant economic view it monopolizes the production and sale of goods so smaller markets cannot function. On the Japanese Island, farmers were enraged that the government was forcing them to import fruit in the open local markets (Dalby 2011). For Mr. H, a Japanese island resident and farmer, California oranges were his adversary (Dalby 2011184). Mr. Ts opinion resembles the damage of being associated with the core membership. Because globalization values economic trade as the source of well being, smaller markets like the one on Japans rural island are often sacrificed to make room for more lucrative economic agreements.In the ethnography written by anthropologist Chris Boehm, he describes his encounter with the upper berth Moracha Tribe, in Montenegro, a country in Southeastern Europe. The ethnographic methods he uses to study the isolated tribe consist of participant observation and interviews. The ethnography active the upper Moracha Tribe discusses how globalization and Modernization are shown to negatively impact the village by creating unequal social relations between the tribe and their government. at a time an unrestricted society, the ethnography reports that a small government police station was previously stationed in Moracha (Boehm 2011101). In Montenegrin their militantly socialist government uses force to gain control (Boehm 2011100).In opposition of government dominance, the Moracha Tribe became tantamount to pirates and engaged in violence, many local people saw victims found at the bottom of cliffs(Boehm 2011100). Modernization via the introduction of a militant government sparked violence among Montenegrins and changed the way they inte racted with their environment. In the capitalist World System Theory, Montenegrins are members of the periphery group causing them to be inherently exploited and oppressed. Historically, the introduction of capitalism can be linked to colonialism. Through imperialism, European colonization meant that foreignpower had cultural, social, and political control over the nations they conquered (Lalonde lecture 22/01/13). The colonizers used their power to exploit the land, resources, and labor, of their colonies to build economic wealth. To maintain this unequal distribution the capitalist mode of production and the world systems theory maintains the oppressive effects of colonialism. Therefore, the violence the Montenegrins display in regards to the actions of their government is also an indirect way of opposing the entire world system of inequality.Because no society can be isolated from the world system, globalization has made the actions of the Montenegrins not only a local individual message, but also a global political one. In conclusion, globalization discussed within the Beng community, the rural Japanese village, and Moracha tribe has caused irreversible damage to their traditional societies. Modernization has contributed to the rejection of cultural identity, heritage, and diversity, contributed to the erosion of traditional family dynamics and customs, and introduced modern political systems to egalitarian societies causing civil conflict changing the way citizens interact with their environment.Looking at cultural change in relation to distribution of power, the world systems theory made it clear that globalization enhances systematic disparity and the unequal distribution of wealth and resources, eliminates small market economies, and drives small-scale societies to the edge of extinction by forcing them to enter civilization through the dark side of poverty, disease, and forced labor (Robbins and Larkin 200772). Extinction of culture is black and white . To minimize the effects of globalization society must begin to value connection, cooperation, and equality, and continually reflect on how our individual actions affect others.ReferencesBohem, Chris2011 Insult and Danger. In Being There Learning to Live Cross-Culturally. Sarah H. Davis and Melvin Knonner, eds. Pp. 93-111. linked States of America Harvard University Press. Dalby, Liza2011 Japanese Ghosts Dont Have Feet. In Being There Learning to Live Cross-Culturally. Sarah H. Davis and Melvin Knonner, eds. Pp. 35-52. UnitedStates of America Harvard University Press. Gottlieb, Alma and Philip Graham2011 sick(p) to Be Modern. In Being There Learning to Live Cross-Culturally. Sarah H. Davis and Melvin Knonner, eds. Pp. 35-52. United States of America Harvard University Press. Larkin, Sherrie, and Richard Robbins2007 Cultural Anthropology A Problem-Based Approach. Toronto Nelson Education Ltd.

International Business- Failure of Joint Venture as a Result of Culture Essay

1. Joint venture between TCL and AlcatelIn 2004, TCL Technology Holdings Limited, a multi depicted object electronics conglomerate from Huizhou, China entered into a wide awake phone manufacturing Joint Venture with Alcatel, a global corporation in telecommunication equipments, go and applications from Paris, France, in a bid to foray into the global grocery store. The joint venture company TCL and Alcatel Mobile Phones Ltd (TAMP) managed research and development (R&D), sales and distribution of mobile hand sits and related products and services (TCL 2011).TCL invested 55 million euros to garner a fifty five percent stake while Alcatel put in 45 million euros along with its mobile handset personal line of credit for the remaining forty five percent shargon (China Daily 2004). The 2 corporations each possessed individual strengths that they believed, when joined in partnership, would launch their stronghold in the competitive mobile phone industry and further their geographica l reach in sales. TCL is a distinguished brand that fronts the China market and has a vantage point as a low cost manufacturing base in Asia.Alcatel is a leading p geter in Europe and Latin America and has operations in more than 130 countries. It could contribute an extensive sales network as well as its high aptitude in R&D (TCL 2011). Alcatel also provided patents to TCL, who did not own its own technology, to enable its entry into markets that have intellectual property (IP) rights requirements (Zhu 2005).TCL at that time had sheathd a waning domestic market and needed Alcatel to help it expand into newer international markets while Alcatel believed that TCLs lead in manufacturing would improve its product offering that would split meet the varying needs of its customers worldwide. According to Morgan Stanley, a multinational financial services provider, the joint venture (TAMP) had enormous potential to consecrate seventh to drop dead one of the global leaders in the indust ry (TCL 2011).TAMP began operations in September 2004. save, only 8 months into the joint venture, by the end of the offset printing quarter of 2005, TAMP had reported a loss of 36 million euro (Li 2011). As a result, TCL bought out Alcatels 45 percent sh are in TAMP to solely take everyplace the venture. The TCL-Alcatel (T&A) collaboration had failed.The transaction took place in the form of an exchange of stocks where Alcatel transferred its TAMP shares to TCL in return for a 5 percent share in the latters firm. Because the venture had ended prematurely, Alcatel also paid 20 millioneuros in compensation to TCL for the withdrawal of IP rights it had rendered to TAMP (Zhu 2005). After the termination of the joint venture, TCL began to draw profits again in the following year (Li 2011).2. Problems of the joint ventureThe failure was attributed to high underlying production costs of managing an international corporation and the underlying financial problems of Alcatel that existed prior to the joint venture that impeded TAMPs profit goals (Zhu 2005) thitherfore make it hard to revive the business. Ernst & Youngs (2011) financial reports revealed that Alcatel suffered net operation losses of 400 million euro in 2001 and is a plausible reason wherefore it had been eager to sell its shares to TCL in the first place to rid the loss making assets (Zhu 2005).But to a large extent, stark heathenish differences in works styles between the Chinese and French had a role to play in the lead to its eventual failure. Despite their industrious attempt at internationalizing the business, the Chinese had a perennial lack of understanding of the European destination and were inexperienced in managing international human resource (Monks 2012). This caused friction amongst the engrossees, who are the building blocks of a company, thereof eventually eroded the viability of the collaboration.3. Culture in IBCulture is an integral part of international business. Every count ry exhibits a unique set of culture that is unequivocal from another and has a considerable effect on the way people work and function in their workplace. It is a basis upon which organizations strategize and shape their operations and decisions (Reis, Ferreira and Santos 2011) as well as influence the way they negotiate (Graham, Mintu and Rodgers 1994).Therefore it is critical to learn and understand the cultures of the countries in which you are interested to do business because differences in culture potentially give rise to misunderstandings in the workplace where people have inaccurate perceptionsof each other (Wursten,Lanzer and Fadrhonc 2012), so when managers have awareness of differences, they basin alter the way they manage their foreign employees. This is supported by Luo (1999), who found that an understanding of host country culture improved overall business performance. entree into joint ventures with local firms is an advantageous mode of entry that allows foreign M NCs to acquire local knowledge (Makino and Delios 1996) and this was the strategy taken by TCL in its entrance into France. nevertheless, the Chinese firm still faced huge problems of culture conflict (Yao and He 2005, p.34).4. Why it faced difficultiesOver the past decade, China had been aggressive in stretchiness out to the world through its outward foreign direct investment (FDI) policies. Figures from the 2006 Statistical Bulletin of Chinas Outward Foreign Direct enthronisation show that outward FDI of China increased 18.5 billion from 2002 to 2006 (Ministry of Commerce of China 2007). Declining domestic demand and ailing revenues had been a motivation and the confidence from having many geezerhood of international experience from foreign MNCS operating in its country had primed China for its own global advance (Lyles and He 2008). Yet there lay fundamental problems in the execution.4.1 Cultural Differences between TCL and AlcatelThere are distinct differences in working sty les of employees in Alcatel and TCL due to the intrinsic cultural differences between these two countries. How go forth trouble adapt to it is specific to culture as managers are products of their own culture with its own set of beliefs and apprises and manners of expression and will go on to organize its people effectively according to this very culture so it follows that what works for a particular culture might not necessarily work for another (Wursten 2008). Some friction was observed in the interaction between TCL and Alcatel employees and cooperation between the two managements due to personal perceptions of each other.In an interview conducted by Li Jing (2011), associate professor at Simon Fraser University, for the vice presidents of TCL Well Lu (TCL) and Laurent Labbe (Alcatel) -, the issue of cultural differences between the two firms was discussed.4.1.1 Conservatives v jeopardize TakersThe French adopts a more conservative approach when it comes to decision-making. Conservatism is associated with the uncertainty-avoidance (UAI) dimension ( Doupnik and Riccio 2006) and France has one of the highest UAI index at 86 indicating that they are not comfortable with indefinite situations and will take banknotes to avoid them (Hofstede 2001). They think a lot before doing something (Li 2011, p.3), because in their country, mistakes are unacceptable (Bowie 2008). As a result, Frenchmen are averse to stake (Bowie 2008).Out of 500 employees from Alcatel, only 70 remained in the joint venture company because the perception is that there will be no job certificate and they cannot afford taking this risk (Li 2011). High turnover rates lower the productivity of a business (BizFilings 2012).Conversely the Chinese are more unforced to take risks. This is reflected in their low UAI score of 30. They accept ambiguity, are adaptive to change and make decisions based on a pragmatic approach (Hofstede 2001). However a point to note is that, although China is gen erally open to risk taking, it tends to embark on lengthy considerations that can notably delay decision-making (RSM International 2010).This would l corresponder the patience of its French counterpart and frustrate the relationship. This divergence in attitude and multi-faceted culture causes a struggle in reaching decisions when both parties are set in their own ways about an approach.4.1.2 Individualists v CollectivistsAlcatels is a predominantly individualist culture where work relationship is upon the basis of a contract, which underlines the plan of professionalism and have marked definition of an employees jobresponsibilities (Li 2011). TCL, in contrast, is primarily a collectivist culture where people work in the interests of the group (Hofstede 2001). This is reflected in its corporate culture where it wants its employees to feel belonging to the company, to treat it kindred home (Li 2011).But during the joint venture, as the company grows at an accelerated pace, the nat ure of the jobs became wraithlike and necessitated a TCL working style. The French are a high-minded group so competition typically prevail teamwork (Kenna and Lacy 1994) at the work place which meant many Alcatel employees were removed from their comfort zone.4.1.3 Varying degree of acceptance of powerMoreover, as France is also an uncertainty avoidance society, there was further disorientation when there was no clear example from top management how they were supposed to work (Li 2011).France and China are both large power distance societies but employ different types of power (Zheng 2010). The French are more accustomed to legitimate power, which is the power that imposes a sense of responsibility or obligation on them (Zheng 2010) and value strong leadership and tight controls (Bowie 2008).But this was not the approach used by the TCL as it tended to be more abrasive and did not agree with a very important aspect of Chinese culture Harmony. Chinese people manage work relationsh ips with harmony in mind and also the concept of prominent everyone face (Zheng 2010) so the difference in styles puts the French in discomfiture, and the Chinese in confusion as to why the French was being less than businesslike therefore affecting the companys productivity that would affect the bottom line of the business.4.1.4 Lazy v Driven IndividualsLu admits that he used to call for to the stereotype that Frenchmen are lazy and are more relaxed when it comes to work attitudes (Li 2011, p.3). Laziness is perceived as a damaging characteristic and might draw chiding from other co-workers. However it must be understood that theFrench are not really lazy but are Polychronic people (Hall 2000). Polychronic people are described in Halls cultural theory to have a tendency not to keep a tight structure on their time and work at their own pace, also preferring not to make elaborate plans so (Suntsova 2009) therefore giving the impression of being lazy.The Chinese are, like the Fre nch, Polychronic (Hall 2000). But to a large degree they are also a masculine society, according to Hofstedes cultural dimensions (2001), with a high score of 66. In masculine societies, people are motivated to be the best they can be, where great emphasis is placed on achievement and success. Labbe (Li 2011) had described the Chinese as workers with tremendous drive and ambition. On the other hand France is a more feminine society scoring 43, which implies that they are more concerned about the tone of life.For example, France has a liberal welfare system in place that entails short 35 hour work weeks. Labbe (Li 2011, p.3) agrees that the Frenchmen are satisfied with just working for a base salary. Thus TCL (Chinese) employees who are more masculine, will be disposed to think that their Alcatel colleagues (French), who are feminine and polychronic, are lazy and unmotivated workers, which is a careless observation, because eventually the work is accomplished, only the work is done in a different manner. This misconception leads to resentment amongst employees.4.2 Lack of international management experienceTo add to the problem, TCL, like many Chinese firms lack real experience in managing an international business. MNCs operating in external markets face liability of foreignness (LOF) where they are at a disadvantage to local firms due to unfamiliarity of host country conditions (Hymer 1976). They have to overcome the liabilities by forging competitive advantages against local firms or fine-tune managerial learning about host markets to reduce LOF while local firms do not have to make as much adjustments in comparison (Petersen and Pedersen 2002).Therefore while many years of having foreign MNCs in China allowed these MNCS to accrue experience from their overseas ventures, the Chinese firms, who although to a large measure were part of the internationalization process, were only at the receivingend and had not really garnered real managerial experience in ope rating internationally. When it was down to the actual origination into international markets such as the US and in this case Europe France, China was confronted by its own set of LOF and was unable to reconcile the divergent national and corporate cultures (Thomsen and Nicolas 2008) between the two countries so it faced difficulties in managing its French employees in TAMP.5. SolutionThe general idea one gets from reading related literary works about culture in international business is that, differences in culture is a source of misunderstandings and miscommunication that will invariably present itself as a menace to the productivity of business. And the solution would be to understand these differences in culture, to have knowledge of them, so that we can reduce some of these problems (Pilhofer 2011). While it is very useful for us to gain cultural understanding, conventional literature conveys a negative notion in relation to it. It seems to be implying an obligation and nece ssity to learn about culture to avoid failing the business.Essentially there is nothing fundamentally wrong with this notion but this would only lead to people withdrawing from interaction with other cultures entirely if they fear failure and negative situations (Pilhofer 2011). If I were in charge of the joint venture, I would ensure that the employees gain an appreciation and approve for culture. They need to view cultural learning decreedly, see it as learning how different others cultures are from theirs and use it to adapt accordingly so as to achieve the business objectives (Ferraro 2009).Learn that negative situations such as misunderstandings are inevitable, but even those can be regarded positively in terms of a new experience (Pilhofer 2011). It is not as much the knowledge than what you do with it. To achieve this, management must first introduce this idea of openness to its employees to gradually overcome their innate ethnocentrism (Ferraro 2009). With inculcation and education, over time I believe it will form part of the companys corporate culture.When work is done in a more positive and respectful atmosphere, performance can be more productive (Ferraro 2009), than in a stressful environment.Going forward, TCL needs to gain more experience in managing people internationally by undertaking more international endeavors. However they cannot enter heedlessly and will need to study the new markets and their cultures and create a plan. Some difficulties would still be faced but they could learn from it.6. ConclusionThe joint venture between Alcatel and TCL failed chiefly due to its existing financial situation. However for the most part, the friction experienced by employees from both companies because of 1. lack of understanding of cultural disparities in work styles and 2. inadequate international experience of TCLs management had undermined the potential effectiveness of the joint venture, inevitably leading to its failure. Culture is a very elem ental factor in International Business today. Business partners face challenges in working with people from other cultures.If there is no knowledge and understanding, firms would not be able to make adjustments accordingly to best achieve their business goals. But cultural knowledge should be learned with a positive motivation rather than attaching negative consequences to it. People need to gain an appreciation and respect for other cultures to be able to work in them effectively.Word count 2640

Chemistry and Confidential Instructions

O Level Chemistry (5070) Frequently Asked Questions Can my ignoredidates request a dictionary / calculator into the examination? Calculators back tooth be used in wholly science stems and students should take a calculator, ruler, pencil, protractor and set of compasses into all science exams. Dictionaries are not allowed. My candidates did 0K last session but I would like advice on how to improve my teaching and where they were losing marks unnecessarily what help can I get? If you want a detailed breakdown then you can ask for a Group Report on your candidates but this pass on cost you money and so is only really worth doing if you have erious concerns.If you want more general advice the Report on the Examination gives a wealthiness of advice on teaching and highlights where candidates have most difficulty. What equipment should we have in our laboratories? A CIE booklet entitled Planning Science in Secondary Schools is available from CIE Publications and a list is presumpt ion in the syllabus. What help and advice can you give me about health and safety in the laboratory? The most important point of start contact is with the organisation responsible for health and safety in schools locally they must be consulted if you are in any doubt and will dvise on any local legal requirements.In addition, there are several useful guides available and many are listed in the booklet Planning Science in Secondary Schools. Most chemical suppliers catalogues have details of safety requirements for specific chemicals, and Hazards (published by CLEAPSS Development Group, Brunel University, Uxbridge), Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory (published by the Royal nightspot of Chemistry, ISBN 0-85186-489-9) and Hazard Data Sheets (published by BDH Laboratory Supplies) are all excellent reference points.An on-line resource is located at www. labsafety. rg My candidates are doing the Alternative to matter-of-fact paper, so they dont sine qua non any laboratory experience, do they? Yes, they do. The ATP paper is an alternative to the applicatory Paper, not an alternative to doing practical take. The syllabus makes it clear, in two the Aims and the Assessment Objectives, that the course should be taught practically and that candidates should have experience of doing (rather than merely seeing) experimental work.The Alternative to Practical paper assesses their practical skills, including both data use and familiarity with standard laboratory equipment. Any candidates without experience of doing practical work will be disadvantaged in this paper. Also practical work is an excellent instruction of demonstrating a particular point and helping students understand the chemistry theory. Is there an option available which doesnt involve any assessment of practical skills? No. Practical skills are an integral part of chemistry.A chemistry qualification without a practical component would be a second-rate assessment of the subject, and CIE aims to provide valid qualifications recognize in all parts of the world. Practicals are a good way of It does not have to be expensive or complicated and many experiments can be very much run as kitchen sink style ones using only household chemicals. http//www. xtremepapers. net I am in the warmness of setting up the practical examination, and I need to look at the question. Am I allowed to look at a copy of the question paper?No. You should have preparing the examination using the surreptitious Instructions, which are issued to Centres in confidence well in advance of the examination. These instructions tell you all you need to know about the apparatus requirements, how the apparatus is to be rranged, and what it will be used for. If you have a problem which cannot be resolved using the Confidential Instructions, please telephone our Customer services line on +44 1223 553554 or e-mail emailprotected org. uk.I havent got the exact equipment specified in the Confidential Instructions, but I do h ave something similar. Am I allowed to adapt the experiment at all? Yes, you are allowed to make minor adaptations to the apparatus, providing that the apparatus still works as specified in the Confidential Instructions. You do not need to seek our approval for these minor adaptations. However, you must report the adaptations in detail to the examiners, by completing the Supervisors Report form on the back of the Confidential Instructions, which should be enclosed with the candidates completed scripts.More substantial adaptations, which require changes to the experiment or which cause the apparatus to work in a different way from that described in the Confidential Instructions, are not allowed. Which option makes it easiest for my students to achieve high grades? They are all the kindred difficulty, and in every examination we use some robust statistical methods o make sure that the options really are all the same difficulty. Which is the typeset textbook for the course?We dont r equire Centres to use any one particular textbook for our courses, and we would hope that wherever possible instructors would make use of a vicissitude of different resources, drawing from the best bits of each. We do provide a list of books that we believe teachers may find helpful, and you can find this on our website, this will in like manner identify any text books that CIE have produced or which ones we have endorsed for use with our syllabuses. Do I need to teach the course in the order given in the yllabus? No, and we dont recommend it.The syllabus outlines what may be assessed in the examination, but we would normally expect teachers to follow their own scheme of work based on the syllabus. Schemes of work suggesting teaching activities will shortly be available from the teacher support site. Where can I get advice from fellow teachers? There is a teacher discussion group for teachers, hosted by the product manager at CIE and a senior examiner. To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit the Teacher financing Site for instructions. 2/2

Color and Psychological Functioning: The Effect of Red Essay

INTRODUCTIONThe research is conducted to study whether or not the warp influence arousal. Color is everywhere. Everyone encounters varied colors everyday. Our perceptual experiences be greatly come toed by the different colors surrounding us. Past studies live reported that color do affect our physics, physiology and psychology but there is a scarcity of literature regarding color perception and its effects on our psychological functioning (Fehrman & Fehrman, 2004 Whitfield & Wiltshire, 1990). Only few studies confuse been done earlier to support this hypothesis that crimson color has negative affect on mathematical process. Elliote et al. (2007) hypothesized that bolshie color impair performance because it evokes avoidance motivation. contrary studies obtain foc utilise on effect of color on performance achievement and the positive role of color in achieving broad(prenominal) performance. Some studies have reported the influence of inflammation color on psychological pe rformance. Researchers have been trying to find place those colors that would achieve high-pitched gear performance and improve learning capability among students.According to Goldstein (1942) our body interacts with different colors and reacts, which is manifested in our psychological functioning. He proposed the idea that few colors be disagreeable for gentlemans gentleman perception and hence when we perceive them their outcomes negate our performance. Similarly, most colors are agreeable and have positive touch on our performance. Those with longer wavelength are arousing (red) and have negative impact on our performance slice those with shorter wavelength ( immaterial) are cooling and calming and have positive impact on our performance.Audio and visual stimuli increases short letter flow in cerebral cortex has been used as an affordable technique for different kind of diseases (Othmer, 2004). Whatever the excitant be, arousal is a operator that attracts and alerts t he brain. Arousal from music flock have varying impact. Music that is fast arouses brain function while neoclassical music may have unsloped the opposite affect. Rock music is arousal while classic music is calming. Studies have reported that sound-visual entertainment can be used as stimulant for brain to work actively (Othmer, 2004).Arousal is an important part of our brain functioning. Brains cortical arousal is said to be directly match with the improved performance and determine how well brain can perform. In too much excitement brain releases alpha or theta and hence to gestate attention on any job is not possible. One study has shown that rock music can reduce hyperactivity (Cripe, 1986).Purpose of the study is to determine whether high visual or audio arousal affects persons capability of reply suspenses of SAT passage. The rationale is to find out the affect of visual and audio arousal on psychological functioning of mind during the process of deep thinking and under standing.HypothesisRed color has high visual arousal and can impair persons thinking process and delay their responses to answer questions of SAT passage.MethodParticipantsFourteen (6 male and 8 female) UCLA undergraduates participated in the experimentation as a requirement to complete the class. Participants was restricted to any individual who were native English speakers, did not have a language related impediment, and were not red colorblind. The mean age of participants was 23 years old with a range of 20-25 years.Materials The stimuli used in this experiment were four package of Standardized Test (SAT) question, ii stop watch, two copies of instruction, two speaker and two separated rooms. Each package has 8 SAT fill in the fresh questions with same level of difficulty. We are having 16 different packages with different tuition passage but the same level of difficulty. The questions were taken from the SAT preparation by Barrons communicative Section. We divided partici pants randomly into four different groups. Each group consist 4 participants and each participant willing experience the same set of question but in different order. This will prevent the order effect. There are four different sets of order used in this experiment. There arePunk music red color, unstained music red color,Punk music neutral color,Classical music neutral colorEight of them are with the classical music and 8 of them are with rock music. For visual arousals we also test with the red and neutral color. Eight of them are with red color and eight of them with neutral color.After sometime each group will be undecided to one contain one by one. Group 1 will be undefendable to Audio (rock), Group 2 to Audio (classic), Group 3 to red color and Group 4 to flannel color. The group that were undefended to rock music while the re primary(prenominal)ing two groups were exposed to red color and then asked to answer another list of questions from the SAT passage.ProcedureT his experiment is 2X2 within-subject experiment. Participants were assigned to all of the four with within-subject observational conditions the Punk-Red, Punk-White, Classical-Red and Classical-White. Anagram performance served as the dependent measure. The general ability is the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) score. Balanced Latin square is used in order to avoid specific items effect and order effect. Therefore, in each group they will not be exposed to the same things. Participants tested individually by an experimenter for blindness. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimenters in this and all subsequent experiments were aware that color played a role in the experiment, but they remained unaware of the color hypotheses throughout the data collection process.Participants are divided into four groups with 4 individuals per group. Each participant will be offered to do questions under normal environmental condition. Balanced Latin square setup will be used to determin e which set of experiments will be used for each group participants. Two groups were to be selected for color arousal and two for music arousal. on the whole the participants in the 4 groups were offered to solve questions from SAT passage while time for each participant was noted. After sometime two groups were exposed to rock music while the remaining two groups were exposed to red color and then asked to answer another list of questions from the SAT passage.Subjects of Audio arousal (Rock vs. Classical music)Good hearing capabilityNo reading and writing disabilityAll were native English speakersSubjects of Visual Arousal (Red and White color)None were color blindNo reading or writing disabilityAll were native English speakersParticipantsPunk-RedPunk-WhiteClassical-RedClassical-WhiteDesignThis experiment was conducted 2X2 within subjects design experiment so each participant experienced both level of variation with the experiment. This experiment deals with two-way design with tw o level of variable. There are two variable in this experiment self-supporting variable and dependent variable. The firstly independent variable (IV) has two levels. We will be judging audio arousal at two level high and low. We operationally define this as classical music versus rock music. Our second independent variable is visual stimulation.We define visual stimulation as a color that evokes urgency versus one that is neutral (i.e. red vs. white). The control of this experiment is the difficulty of the question, length of the syllable, time, font size of the words, sample, response type, and presentation style, question order and the presentation style. We also control it by making the balance latin square. The balance latin square is used therefore we can conclude that this test is within subject test two way but two levels and the variable manipulated is the level of arousal.ResultsA factorial design (color condition red vs. white) and (audio condition tinny vs. classical) within subject analysis of variance was conducted on analogy performance. The result were as follow Punk White M 5.21, SD = 1.477 Punk Red M = 5.00, SD = 1.177 Classical White M = 5.14, SD = 1.748 Classical Red M = 4.64, SD = 1.64. The analysis revealed an effect of premanipulation analogy performance on analogy performance, F (1,13) = 0.511 The result indicate there are no main effect and no interaction.Our studies show that rock music and red color is arousal and does distract persons attention to perform particular work. However, the impact of red color is not as extensive as rock music. There was statistically significant difference between the results produced under control condition and rock music arousal. The answers produced during rock music arousal were not correct or either left blank because of arousal and distraction created by the music.Participants with white background color white threat performed significantly better compared to red color.Participants with punk music performed better compared to classical.PW CW and PR CRPW PR and CW CR interchangeSmall discrepancies in the results and experiment might have affected our results. Our predictions were made solely on the basis of previous studies. However, current results due to several reasons. Those who were exposed to classical music deviated and their attention was grasped in listening music, hence they performed poorly on the test. Due to the reason that they were not able to concentrate on reading the passage as music was on. However, punk music didnt grasp their attention as classical music, hence, their performance was better while they were hearing punk music.In order to make it better we believe next time we should have be a better research protocols. We need to have a better stimulation and prediction of another variable such as the confounding variable, infixed validity and the other. It might be because of the confusion created while answering questions or because questions were not well ordered. Some had similar pattern and some have different pattern. Some of the questions have one fill in the blank and some have two fill in the blanks. One variable like color of the paper itself is a variable and can affect performance and create confusion.We also have a problem with the internal validity with the visual stimulation. There are two level of problem in this case. The first one is the sound of the music. We didnt have a standard for the sound, about the loudness (how loud we want). For e.g. when we played punk music, we played it too loud but when we played classical music, it was not as loud as the punk therefore we believe some variations in the result were due to lack of internal validity. One more thing that can affect our experiment results is that punk music has lyrics and the classical didnt have any lyrics at all. Some of the participants when they came out from the punk-music room with lyrics and enter the classical-music room with no lyrics, the participants psychologically will be wondering about the lyrics.Some of the participants can study or concentrate with lyrics and some of them cannot. Mostly with lyrics music on it is harder to answer the questions because our brain function is divided into two. It is hard to instruction for two things. Results with the red color show worst performance, hence, when punk-music and red color both were used, the performance was worst of all other group sets. The reason for this is evident that it is harder to concentrate with such variables that deviate concentration and we tend to focus more on the music than on the questions itself.The frequency also gives a high effect on this. There are low frequency and high frequency of sound in music.Color, have a wavelength. Red, have a high wavelength. For example Red has higher wave length then blue. If we channel up a variety of different color wavelength we are going to have white. The tone that we get is analog to the white.Color Re d is said to be arousal itself. Red color taken was similar to that of blood or heart. Its a classic in nature. Red is used as a sign of danger, in normal day-to-day life red means to stop or its dangerous to continue after that. Color red is considered as sign of bad.A graph shows arousal in inverted U shape. It means that initially the level is low then it gains peak and goes high and then back to low again. Other errors occurred were that data was not collected accurately and the sample was small not big.Do you want this below divide must be incorporated in the discussion?ReferenceFehrman, K. R., & Fehrman, C. (2004). Color The secret influence (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall.Goldstein, K. (1942). Some experimental observations concerning the influence of colors on the function of the organism. Occupational Therapy and Rehabilitation, 21, 147151.Othmer, Siegfried (2004) Applying Audio-Visual Entrainment Technology for Attention and Learning (Part3). Retrieved fro m http//www.eeginfo.com/newsletter/archive_files/822106688_article_3.pdfWhitfield, T. W., & Wiltshire, T. J. (1990). Color psychology A critical review. Genetic, Social and general Psychology Monographs, 116,387412.Elliot, Andrew J., Maier, Markus A., Moller, Arlen C. and Friedman, Ron., Meinhardt, Jorg (2007). Color and Psychological Functioning The Effect of Red onPerformance Attainment. Journal of Experimental Psychology General 2007, Vol. 136, No. 1, 154168

Deviance And The Factors That Influence Deviant Conduct

Deviance is a wide-ranging term used by sociologists to refer to port that varies, in some way, from a complaisant norm (C. Livesey). Based on this definition, we can clearly draw out that departure would mean a behavior that comes in the form of rule-breaking.Deviance is the recognized violation of heathen norms (geocites. com). Deviance therefore encompasses breaking of rules that be maybe fell, social, formal and informal rules that have already been realised in a definite locality or in a given situation.Thus, deviance is determined and measured against established standards. Such standards ar therefore the point of reference for the evaluation of stick out or behavior. When it conforms, then it necessarily means it is non pervert. Otherwise, such is considered unnatural.For example, the used of alcoholic drinks is not generally prohibited by law and thus by the buns of law is not deviant. As a social norm, some societies, especially those that are strict to ghos tlike norms, drinking alcohol is undesirable and is deviant.As a social norm, wearing of improper attire in certain occasions is deviant but under the law, such behavior is not at all deviant because there no law or rule that governs such conduct. Therefore, we can say that deviance is dependent on the established norms and laws in a certain society. Deviance encompasses a wide range of other acts of nonconformity, from variations in hair styles to shoot.TYPES OF DEVIANCESocietal Deviance includes those conduct or behaviors that do not conform to the categories or standards that are generally accepted by a certain society.For example, to exhibit dirty finger to your teacher is socially unacceptable, and thus is socially deviant. The judge of ones conduct is therefore the people in general and they based their judgment on what are the established social norms that they used to live with. Situational Deviance, as compared to social deviance is said to be more localized, that is, det ermining whether an act in deviant or not depends on a single situation. For example, in cases of cops and soldiers on field or in a battle situation are faced with situational deviance.These people need, by demand of duty, to kill their enemies. Killing is by religious and criminal norms not allowed, and therefore deviant. Criminal Deviance is by simple definition a deviance from juridically established norms. When we say, juridical, it has something to do with laws and legality.Any act that deviates or does not conform to and violates established laws are criminally deviant. For example, to be impulsive is not criminally deviant but impulsiveness that lead to inflicting physical injury to others or that of murder is criminally deviant because it violates established laws.Psycho-pathological Deviance implies a shifting from normality (S. Di Nuovo). Abnormal modes of behavior are not crimes but require sanctions as unequivocal psychiatric treatments. Antisocial personality disorder which includes inability to conform to legal or social rules, dishonest behavior, being impulsive and aggressive and irresponsibility are deviant conducts that are considered psycho-pathological. Note that these deviant behaviors do not necessarily criminally deviant but these deviant conducts may lead to criminal conduct such as being impulsive may lead to fighting then to murder.Primary Deviance relating to activity that is initially defined as deviant (Edwin Lamert) collateral Deviance corresponds to a person who accepts the give chase of deviant. Secondary deviance according to Erving Goffman begins when a person acquires a stigma. Stigma, according to Goffman, is a powerfully negative label that radically changes a persons self-concept and social identity.FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DEVIANT BEHAVIORS BIOLOGICAL FACTORSGenetics has found out that there is somehow a biological factor that influences an several(prenominal)s deviant behavior.The connection between a specific pattern of chromosomes has been shown to be related to deviant behavior however, there are still not equal studies that will prove that this statement is true. But there are disorders in children that directly influence a deviant behavior.Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a truly strong indicator for future conduct disorders. Vaxa. com has provided a medical definition of ADHD as a family of related chronic neurobiological disorders that interfere with an individuals susceptibility to regulate activity level and contributes to impulsivity, inattention and distractibility. It is specifically a dysfunction of the Central Nervous System (CNS), most specifically the Reticular Activating System, which results in difficulties of maintaining attention and concentration, learning and memory, as well as involving an inability to process and sort out incoming information or stimulus from both an individuals informal (subjective) and outer (objective) worlds.This disorder therefore resu lts to the childs misbehavior such as being hyperactive and impulsive, which are behaviors that are far different from how he is suppose to act and apart from what is considered to be normal, and thus considered deviant.Another disorder called Oppositional Defiant Disorder medically defined as a pattern of negativistic (skepticism), uncooperative, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures that continues for a minimum of 6 months (axa. com). Deviant behaviors exhibited by individuals with this disorder include willful noncompliance, defying instructions and requests and arguing with adults.PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORSPsychological explanations of deviance concentrate on individual abnormalities involving personality. However, subsequent studies found flaws on the psychological correlation of deviant behavior.Geocites. com enumerated three basic reasons why psychological factors should be ignored. First, most serious crime is perpetrate by people who are psycholog ically normal. Second, cross-cultural differences in what is deemed normal and abnormal tend to be ignored. And third, the fact that people with similar psychological qualities are not equally as likely to be labeled deviant is not considered.SOCIAL FACTORSAs has been stated earlier, deviance does not necessarily be criminal deviance because there are established social norms that measure an individuals behavior as deviant or non-deviant.It is therefore but fair to give over that both conformity and deviance are defined by society. The degree of deviance is determined by the society according to socially accepted behaviors actual in a certain society. The society therefore somehow dictates how an individual should behave.For example, in a religious community, smoking and drinking alcohol are deviant acts as these directly opposed by, in example, the Christian religion. So an individual who mingles with the Christian community will try to behave in conformity with the live norm.On the other hand, communities which view smoking and alcohol drinking as an indicator of social status, as with the elites, consider these behaviors as non-deviant, and thus are normal actions.CIVIL noncompliance AND CRIMINAL DEVIANCECivil disobedience is a form of protest in which protestors deliberately violate a law (P. Suber). Originally, the main purpose of courtly disobedience is to petition to the public about certain issues through protests or public demonstrations. On most occasions, issues that drives civil disobedience concerns political and moral issues.For example, laws that legalize euthanasia and demolition penalty have brought about many protests and public demonstrations. In such instances, participants usually violate traffic rules and trespassing.Their violations therefore are covered by civil laws. On the other hand, criminal deviance is covered by criminal laws. Murder and the use of prohibited drugs are criminal violations and therefore are criminal deviance . Although both deviance and violations are punishable, they are distinguished as to what laws cover such deviance.Deviant behaviors are measured and defined by established rules in a certain community, whether they be formal or informal rules. These behaviors are influenced by biological, psychological and social factors to certain degrees.Deviance does not necessarily violates legally or juridically established rules leading to the conclusion that criminal deviance is inherently behavioral deviance but not all deviant behaviors are criminal deviance. Civil disobedience and criminal deviance are distinguished by the laws that govern such violations.

Psychology of law

Even though psychological region is the primary cause of law of nature-induced specious defenses, individuals differ In their power to withstand interrogative sentence pressure and thus in their susceptibility to making simulated confessions. All other things being equal, t water who are highly suggestible or willing are more likely to confess falsely. Interrogative suggestibility tends to be heightened by sleep deprivation, fatigue, and drug or alcohol withdrawal. Individuals who are highly compliant tend to be conflict avoidance, acquiescent, and eager to please others, especially authority figures.With these despotic tactics, the legal philosophy play on these weaknesses and pray on the Individuals. This is a task even if the individual is in fact guilty but is much more of a problem when the individual is innocent and gives a false confession. Authorities. Researchers and the media arrive at focused a growing awareness of incidences of coerced false confessions, as well as the associated personal and legal implications involved. The Innocence Project, a non-profit legal clinic that assists those wrongfully convicted of crimes, claims that 8% of wrongful convictions are due o forced confessions prompted by police.Consequently, measures have been taken to try and reduce their frequency. There are many aspects in which coercive tactics are problematic but for the sake of this essay I will focus solely on its leading to false confessions. In the past(a) two decades, hundreds of convicted prisoners have been exone prized by DNA and non-DNA yard, revealing that police-induced false confessions are a leading cause of wrongful conviction of the innocent. Although the prevalence rate is unknown, recent analyses reveal that 20 to 25% of prisoners exonerated by DNA had confessed to police.In the Central Park Jogger case, for example, all five Juveniles falsely confessed after lengthy lively Interrogations In which they were yelled at, lied to, threatened, and promised Immunity In exchange for their admissions to participating in the assault and rape. In 15 to 20 percent of the DNA cases, police-induced false confessions were the primary cause of the wrongful conviction. Once detectives misclassifying an innocent person as a guilty wary, they often subject him to an customarily interrogation. Getting a confession becomes particularlyI OFF profile cases in which there is great pressure on police detectives to solve the crime, there is no other source of potential evidence to be discovered, and typically there is no credible evidence against an innocent but misclassified hazard. It is perhaps not surprising that most documented false confessions bechance in homicides and high- profile cases. In these cases the police have the capability of being very coercive, which in turn can cause false confessions. Once the interrogation commences, the primary cause of police-induced false confession is psychologically coercive police ethos.Psych ological coercion can be defined in two ways police use of interrogation techniques that are regarded as inherently coercive in psychology and law, or police use of interrogation techniques that, additively, cause a suspect to perceive that he has no choice but to comply with the interrogators demands. Usually these amount to the same thing. Psychologically coercive interrogation techniques include some examples, such as deprivations (of food, sleep, water, or access to bathroom facilities), incommunicado interrogation, and induction of extreme exhaustion and fatigue.In the modern era, however, these techniques are rare in domestic police interrogations. Instead, when todays police interrogators employ psychologically coercive techniques, they usually consist of (implicit or express) promises of leniency and threats of harsher treatment. As Offset and Leo have written, the modern equivalent to the rubber hose is the indirect threat communicated through pragmatic implication. Threa ts and promises can take a variety of forms, and they are usually repeated, developed, and elaborated over the ours of the interrogation.Most documented false confessions in recent decades have been directly caused by or have involved promises or threats. Another form of psychological coercion, causing a suspect to perceive that he has no choice but to comply with the wishes of the interrogator, is not specific to any one technique but may be the cumulative result of the interrogation methods as a whole. If one understands the psychological structure and logic of contemporary interrogation, it is not difficult to see how it can produce this effect.The custodial environment and hysterical confinement are intended to isolate and disembowel the suspect. Interrogation is designed to be stressful and unpleasant, and it is more stressful and unpleasant the more intense it becomes and the longer it lasts. Interrogation techniques are meant to cause the suspect to perceive that his guilt has been established beyond any conceivable doubt, that no one will confide his claims of innocence, and that by continuing to deny the detectives accusations he will only make his situation (and the ultimate outcome of the case against him) much worse.The suspect may perceive that he has no choice but to comply with the detectives wishes, because he is fatigued, worn down, or simply sees no other way to escape an unacceptably stressful experience. Some suspects come to believe that the only way they will be able to leave is if they do what the detectives say. Others comply because they are led to believe that it is the only way to avoid a feared outcome (e. G. , homosexual rape in prison). When a suspect perceives that he has no choice but to comply, his issue compliance and confession are, by definition, involuntary and the product of coercion.

Race & Ethnicity: Effects on Life Essay

Ethnicity and pelt along has had a big influence on peoples e in truth day life choices. In some bearing or an new(prenominal), most people volition be judged according to their color of their skin or their social background. We live in a alliance full of different races and cultures affecting the way we interact with individually other, as well as influencing our views on equality and differences among the some(prenominal) different races in our society. Often important media groups and social standards shape our beliefs, also affecting how we interact with cultures different from our own, and how various groups interact with each other. quicken and paganity may be defined as a type of grouping or classification establish on a persons origin of birth and includes their racial appearance, language, religion and culture. Ethnicity can be defined as a social construction that indicates identification with a particular group who share common pagan traits, such as language, rel igion and traditions. Terms like ethnocentrism, racism, stereotyping, and ethnicity can affect our health status, our economical status, and unspoiled basically our status in society.Race defines who we are, and in some cases it is the root of discrimination problems. Individuals dislike other people because they do not like how they are whether it is physically or the way they think and act. We shade at people and experiences through race and culture. I was raised with family that had introverted personalities. This is one of the reasons why my temper is also like that. I grew up recognizing differences in races and ethnicity and it never affected my way of being, I plain saw everyone the same, with the same potential and equal opportunity.I have been taught by the spoken and unspoken shipway of my parents, teachers, friends I have simply grown up recognizing what is wrong and what is right among society. I was born in California just both my parents are Mexican, which makes me Hispanic. My experiences of racial profiling or prejudice due to my ethnic background or my Hispanic look have not been too common or extremely racist. My high nurture was ab step to the fore 99. 99 percent Hispanic student body, so there was very little if any racial tension among students. It was when we would go out of that part of town that I would actually see racial comments made and shown by others.I was involved in the baseball team and lawn tennis team at my high school, and I would see some sort of labeling or stereotyping aimed at me and my teammates when we would carry in other schools with Anglos or Blacks. Since we were one of the poorest schools in the city they would automatically assume we werent adequately prepared to be coquetteing a team like them. Their stereotypes of us would make them think that we didnt speak English and our playing abilities would be very novice since we didnt have the tools or coin to afford good equipment or a coach at a young ag e.However, I will admit that we would also judge them as being too cocky, and with the conventional white people stereotypes. though most of the time we were right because these were rich kids with almost everything handed to them. Being in the minority has its disadvantages, but people, specifically students can be smart and use those stereotypes to their advantage. I honestly never paid aid to my lack of resources, instead I knew that if I wanted something I was acquittance to try and get it.A big misconception that surrounded our school or the part of town that I lived in was that we were not passing play to make it to college, in fact, we would be lucky if we actually graduated from high school. The name of our high school was very much and icon or a symbol. I knew some friends that wouldnt give out the name of our school because they were afraid of being labeled a loser in some way. Basically, going to my school meant that we were low IQ destined to work at low paying jobs, simply because many were Mexican immigrants or first generation American born.For our advantage, now a day being in the minority can actually help you enroll into colleges of your choice and get scholarships to help pay for college. Perceptions play a great roll on judging others many times it is influenced by race and ethnicity. It is set free to me that if lived in a more diverse part of the city my experiences would be the very different. As society grows more with different cultures, races and ethnics, tension grows and people start disliking others ways of being that are not like theirs. But it is important to understand that it is not healthy to have prejudice feelings towards others, it only makes one bitter.