Studies on the Production of Fruits in India

Studies on the Production of Fruits in IndiaStudies on the production of increases in India with special reference to Jammu and Kashmir compendiumFruits provide desirable health benefits besides nutrition due to presence of various indispensable vitamins and minerals. Many important antioxidants are present in fruits that athletic supporter the body to constantly clean up the toxic wastes. They boost the immunity and provide resistance against various ailments and certain chronic diseases. They have cracking potence to increase the economic impact of the state, country at local, national and international level. India is the second largest manufacturing business of fruits in the world with production of 81.29 million metric tonnes from an country of 6.98 million hectares for the year 2012-13. Jammu and Kashmir, the northern most state of India have different surroundingsal and topographical conditions than rest of the country, produces many horticultural products. It is the larg est producer of apples in India, 77% of apple production in India belongs to Jammu and Kashmir. After harvest considerable losses occur due to ignorance, method of storage, postharvest handling and absence of postharvest processing. Awareness about nutritional, environment and economic valves, improved cultivation, use of appropriate postharvest handling strategies are important to minimize the losses.Keywords antioxidant, area, production, postharvest, horticultureIntroductionNutritional importance of fruitsFruits contain a number of essential minerals, vitamins, dietary fibers and play essential role in human nutrition especially as a source of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), thiamine (vitamin B1), niacin (vitamin B3), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), folacin (vitamin B9), tocopherol (vitamin E), riboflavin (vitamin A), calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, potassium (Wargovich, 2000). There contribution is estimated at 91% of vitamin C, 48% of thiamine, 30% of folacin, 27% of pyridoxine, 17% of v itamin B1, 15% of vitamin B3, 19% of Iron, 16% of magnesium, 9% of calories (Quebedeaux and Elis, 1990 Kader, 2001).Fruits and vegetables in human diet are strongly associated with the reduced risk of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer disease, cataracts, strokes and other chronic diseases (Prior and Cao, 2000 Southon, 2000 Liu, 2003). Some components of fruits and vegetables are strong antioxidants and do work in metabolic activation and detoxification of various carcinogens (Kader, 2001).Economic importance of fruitsIndia comprises several agro-ecological regions with diverse soil and climate types, which provide an ample opportunity to grow renewal of crops. A considerable degree of crop diversification has been experienced since the green revolution. The change in cropping pattern is towards the horticultural and commercial crops (Mittal, 2007). Horticultural crops form probative part of total agricultural production of the country and are key drivers of economic deve lopment. In India 65-70% of the population earns their livelihood through agriculture (Economic survey, 2007-08). Fruits contribute just about 31% of horticultural production (Vedamurthy and Pandey, 2010). The increase in domestic and international demand for fruits in change magnitude day by day thereby increasing the economic importance of fruits. Contribution of horticultural crops towards agricultural GDP was about 29.5% for the year 2007-08 (Economic survey, 2007-08).Fruit Production in IndiaIndia is the worlds second largest producer of fruits after Brazil that contributes 11.80% of the total worlds fruit production with a production of 68.46 million tonnes from an area of 6.10 million hectares annually (Kumar and Singh, 2010). In India the major(ip) fruit producing states are Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Gujarat, Punjab, Orissa and Utter PradeshFactors leading to decrease in fruit productionThe major losses of fruits are estimated at 35-40% due t o wrong(p) post harvest management that is about 40,000 crores per year. It so causes the wastage of energy, labour and inputs involved in horticultural production (Nayak and Mukhopadhyay, 2008). So there is a strong choose for the post harvest management of these perishable fruits. Post harvest management strategies are applied to the horticultural produce after harvest to increase their ledge life during storage, processing, packaging and marketing to meet the nutritional requirements of the people.Majors that can be taken to overcome the lossesTable 1 World fruit production in metric tonnesFruit19701980199020002010Afghanistan794,600816,730645,870706,224847,900Albania118,400151,400167,782141,489370,192Algeria1,995,0711,201,968978,6641,428,1023,535,544American Samoa3,8501,6421,4631,9821,440Angola430,000427,000405,000447,000608,100Antigua and Barbuda6,7498,5408,5119,5188,570Argentina5,217,4236,353,1405,881,2047,174,1147,445,843Armenia......244,352351,405Australia2,114,3282,168,155 2,384,1813,084,3293,312,766Austria1,096,9631,082,399964,1441,091,955734,800Azerbaijan......553,959891,021Bahamas9,17512,40911,07726,31237,000Bahrain17,58042,00010,15021,46522,090Bangladesh1,407,4391,304,3581,332,4901,361,0003,954,957Barbados2,4902,6102,8502,5604,090Belarus......299,100790,071Belgium......786,210571,630Belize35,40583,428141,662381,421376,790Benin121,300142,300180,662163,023398,700Bermuda565500300336370Bhutan23,35029,45064,53564,71060,900Bolivia469,540555,635783,195999,658944,470Bosnia and Herzegovina......80,273321,265Botswana6,3189,15011,54510,6005,920Brazil11,465,72819,473,79729,823,59236,986,74239,286,781British Virgin Islands309550180440520Brunei Darussalam3,4454,8105,0246,1337,535Bulgaria2,300,7761,897,5971,649,569739,549396,332Burkina Faso41,60055,20069,83190,95496,450Burundi1,247,0001,168,0001,633,0001,598,146238,464Cambodia270,050122,340239,050321,700355,900Cameroon983,4571,713,3401,756,8961,994,1513,878,820Canada628,394795,589772,777823,210668,968Cape Verde1 3,82412,60014,61516,77820,800cayman Islands516583314558325Central African Republic129,820168,800201,900259,399274,550Chad83,00092,000106,42398,068117,500Chile1,061,2401,633,5882,638,9803,890,1705,673,600China4,973,7108,416,03020,952,15564,503,111122,184,944Colombia2,761,1003,897,1504,676,9966,851,0397,989,940Comoros28,00035,60051,13262,61547,800Congo68,700113,070135,844222,622263,800Congo, DR2,134,5002,627,6003,450,8442,426,7812,540,724Cook Islands15,85012,5254,7823,6771,526Costa Rica1,299,2101,337,7642,410,2663,810,7864,620,366Croatia......540,881458,235Cuba306,012853,4671,535,5262,251,1141,794,869Cyprus432,319344,802393,246282,984185,661Czech Republic......562,195181,221Cte dIvoire1,001,3521,464,5481,569,7202,347,1172,187,000Denmark163,961146,608102,26854,84068,500Djibouti001,9563,4573,185Dominica63,10035,76096,77169,80553,830Dominican Republic1,169,6591,340,1001,599,9801,032,3242,196,055Ecuador3,781,5423,966,5104,524,8257,670,5069,292,075Egypt1,450,3302,284,1354,617,5396,966,1249 ,581,146El Salvador194,450251,282291,084302,098439,319Equatorial Guinea13,50010,50040,60051,03969,200Eritrea......3,8004,400Estonia......26,5385,071Ethiopia......703,202683,500Fiji8,61210,68512,84618,00618,628Finland62,700104,00021,09218,66116,793France17,040,99514,601,26711,942,96511,265,3558,691,815French Guiana4,5402,0216,76315,70717,610French Polynesia2,5443,1717,7419,72815,483Gabon123,300190,900240,001294,226324,710Gambia3,0003,5003,5175,6078,600Georgia......471,917260,000Germany5,367,7814,750,8074,854,9345,290,5382,200,529Ghana1,034,097978,300923,9002,391,4204,363,630Greece3,003,0943,519,9173,922,6074,151,4863,230,090Grenada34,25527,51825,81116,63114,600Guadeloupe132,28088,577116,416142,66187,390Guam7471,0891,8732,3803,220Guatemala659,100753,7911,150,5171,973,3933,951,700Guinea545,000673,100855,803997,3101,218,700Guinea-Bissau36,70046,75061,40379,88887,050Guyana42,16732,71050,24973,96333,615Haiti799,8001,003,6001,016,1711,005,481976,660Honduras1,499,9231,646,2271,388,235783,28 11,357,185Hungary2,030,4322,531,2152,306,9011,726,6741,124,272Iceland1310111730India15,786,68020,357,39727,717,10443,000,88084,791,100Indonesia3,576,0004,268,2145,973,0438,412,93014,867,762Iran1,784,7253,144,1257,163,55412,287,68412,126,041Iraq542,8801,155,0201,523,0301,739,2001,094,014Ireland32,50023,20023,00026,33448,170Israel1,548,4751,926,1602,002,7461,263,2691,278,486Italy19,349,13821,429,44317,112,38117,989,61916,907,895Jamaica396,869332,255360,046425,044363,608Japan5,552,9006,227,9004,905,6913,820,8902,898,550Jordan61,37086,155255,408238,727279,918Kazakhstan......263,490222,110Kenya534,1101,126,6101,303,6362,148,1182,933,336Kiribati3,3704,5305,0005,6499,400Korea, North218,000848,0001,305,0001,333,1571,559,200Korea, South429,259933,4061,917,4592,625,5722,733,554Kuwait4701,1131,93311,25018,353Kyrgyzstan......188,139197,601Laos75,65090,300128,500192,967238,200Latvia......53,99214,608Lebanon561,776721,1001,185,000845,600976,290Lesotho14,00015,00017,70914,50014,700Liberia98,020120 ,200106,779170,662208,700Libya82,132179,145311,644314,710386,050Liechtenstein12070130156180Lithuania......112,50047,719Luxembourg......33,63226,652Macedonia......407,811452,643Madagascar623,775733,033796,700890,600941,460Malawi260,000374,950481,428755,4981,032,600Malaysia865,300938,0731,108,6381,210,7331,144,862Maldives6,0507,9006,3509,56010,051Mali98,100124,800155,060251,993814,100Malta11,87110,56313,7296,45710,085Martinique184,928116,929284,295355,478208,860Mauritania17,30015,20012,08724,90023,000Mauritius8,9483,5838,37013,07621,285Mexico4,478,9707,617,4699,371,18313,306,46015,255,598Micronesia, FM......3,0883,830Moldova......953,163792,435Mongolia2,2503,200400255578Montenegro........74,338Montserrat1,129800629880830Morocco1,466,6201,670,8002,008,8422,680,7703,292,411Mozambique304,470322,500381,400290,768368,810Myanmar707,502806,590950,3421,416,0002,135,100Namibia6,5008,0009,83916,41342,225Nauru140200255336340Nepal112,000135,000413,310844,6331,276,791Netherlands678,466618,730561,7 00710,936671,390 bracing Caledonia9,00011,6342,5763,7233,733New Zealand241,574356,774